domenica 31 agosto 2014

Ansiolitici, di Natalino Balasso

La società dell'ansia alimenta l'industria dell'ansia che alimenta l'ansia di ansia. (Natalino Balasso)

ZzzzZZzzzz .... ma buongiorno e buona domenica! :D

fonte foto

sabato 30 agosto 2014

Il grande segreto sull'alimentazione umana

Ripubblico questo video per maggior visibilità!

Slayer @ Wacken 2014 - completo -

venerdì 29 agosto 2014

Come Putin ha appena salvato l'Europa ed altri racconti geopolitici

DI CHRIS TELL
capitalistexploits.at

Immaginate questo scenario. Un fratello e una sorella che litigano fra loro. Qualcosa è andato storto, s’incolpano l’un l’altra, sono ai ferri corti. Ed ecco che arriva il ragazzo della porta accanto che inizia a prendere in giro tutti e due e a dargli addosso. Improvvisamente fratello e sorella mettono da parte le loro divergenze, uniscono le forze e affrontano insieme quel ragazzo della porta accanto.
Il detto: “Il nemico del mio nemico è mio amico” si è rivelato più volte una realtà nella storia e se i rapporti geopolitici non sono paragonabili ai rapporti di fratellanza, le conseguenze della creazione di alleanze e le ripercussioni del fatto di essersi uniti ai nemici, possono essere profonde.

Durante la Seconda Guerra Mondiale Stalin si rese conto di aver bisogno che gli Alleati fermassero l’invasione Nazista e, a loro volta, gli Alleati si accorsero di aver bisogno dei Sovietici dalla loro parte nello sforzo bellico. In qualunque altro scenario gli Alleati sarebbero stati arci-nemici di Stalin e viceversa.
Durante la Guerra Fredda avvenne più o meno la stessa cosa quando i Sovietici e i Cinesi aiutarono la Corea del Nord, per poi sostenere i Viet Cong durante la Guerra del Vietnam.
In ambito specificatamente nazionale, più di un dittatore è stato sostenuto e appoggiato da governi che fingevano, di fronte al loro popolo, di aborrire le azioni di tali persone. Tenendo sotto stretto controllo i mezzi d’informazione ci si può assicurare che la grande maggioranza dei cittadini non pensi troppo e non indaghi troppo. Il governo, dopo tutto, è un business di marketing. Mobuto Sese Seko, Augusto Pinochet, Saddam Hussein, Pol Pot e attualmente la Famiglia Reale Saudita. Tutti, chi prima chi poi, hanno adottato questa strategia.
Non sto dicendo questo per una ragione particolare, se non che si tratta di scelte di cui tutti sono a conoscenza e le relazioni sono ben documentate. In tutti i casi sono i governi che fanno questo. Niente di nuovo. Come dicono in Tailandia “Stessa cosa, ma diversa”.
Ebbene, anche questa volta è proprio la stessa, ma diversa. Stiamo oggi assistendo alla formazione di simili alleanze.
Questa volta l’Europa e gli Stati Uniti stanno costituendo un’alleanza contro la Russia, mentre la Cina con la Russia si stanno muovendo verso la nascita e il consolidamento di alleanze economiche pre-esistenti.
Considerate che negli ultimi mesi le mie notizie hanno riportato questi titoli:

In Europa, Putin, il ragazzo della porta accanto, ha distratto gli Europei dai loro “nemici” politici ed economici, e i contrasti interni esistenti tra i paesi Europei sono divenuti improvvisamente secondari, lasciando il posto a questioni più impellenti. Guardando le notizie da quando l’Ucraina ha iniziato ad occupare le prime pagine, vedo che questa distrazione ha dato i suoi frutti. Non sto insinuando che questa cosa era prestabilita. Non credo sia questo il caso.
Tuttavia si è rivelato molto conveniente per quei governi Europei che hanno ridotto a brandelli l’intero mercato europeo e che ora cercano un capro espiatorio. Putin è arrivato come una manna dal cielo.
La vita per gli Europei è destinata a peggiorare…e di molto. Le sanzioni applicate alla Russia stanno già iniziando a danneggiare l’agricoltura Europea, anche se gli Eurocrati attribuiranno la colpa del declino economico a fattori esterni. State a guardare. Ci potete scommettere. Nel frattempo, vediamo chi soffre maggiormente per le sanzioni alla Russia sulle esportazioni in Europa e negli USA.

Tenete d’occhio la PKO, Bank Polski,, la più grande istituzione bancaria della Polonia. All’inizio di quest’anno ha registrato $2.7 miliardi di titoli emessi. Non immaginava quanto potessero essere tempestive queste emissioni. Oggi non avrebbero alcuna possibilità di vendere quei titoli allo stesso ritmo dello scorso Gennaio. Il punto è: sopravviveranno al rapido crollo della vendita di titoli?
Mentre accade tutto questo mi domando quali altre opportunità potranno scaturire da queste grandi nuove dinamiche di potere. E’ in atto già da qualche tempo un reale allontanamento dal dollaro. Quello che conta ora è che questo spostamento è accelerato non dal settore privato, ma da quello pubblico. E’ davvero audace l’azione dei BRICS che istituiscono un’infrastruttura finanziaria per allontanarsi sempre di più dal dollaro.
Ad azioni di questo tipo, o al semplice fatto di aver immaginato tali azioni, in passato gli Stati Uniti avrebbero risposto con penalizzazioni tariffarie, decurtazione di aiuti o addirittura vere e proprie sanzioni. Il fatto che simili azioni oggi stiano avvenendo sempre più frequentemente, indica quanto stia cambiando velocemente lo scenario geopolitico mondiale.
Il declino economico nel mondo socialista Occidentale e in particolare negli Stati Uniti è chiaro a tutti quelli che non leggono CNN. Questo, insieme al rifiuto di Obama di prendere delle misure di contenimento della NSA, ha accelerato sia il desiderio sia una reale intenzione di molti stati del mondo di procedere con il cambiamento dello status quo.
Parlando con la mia banca a Singapore, ho chiesto cosa ne pensavano le banche delle regole FATCA. La risposta è stata: “Non dureranno molto.” Queste regole assurde esistono e possono essere rispettate nella misura in cui il dollaro resta la valuta delle riserve, ma quando esistono delle alternative, basterà scegliere di giocare in un altro scacchiere più favorevole di quello in cui si sta giocando ora rispettando quelle regole.
In questo momento le banche stanno guadagnando troppo denaro per voler abbandonare l’attuale scenario finanziario dettato dalle banche, dalle finanziarie e dalla valuta degli Stati Uniti.
Tutto questo ora sta cambiando. Il volume di capitali che si riversa a Singapore e a Hong Kong sta esercitando su queste banche una forte pressione, mandando alle stelle le quotazioni immobiliari, già di per se alte.
Ci sono altri settori che ci interessano e che ci convengono. Uno di essi sono i titoli privati, la nostra nicchia particolare. I flussi di capitali sono molto importanti e pensiamo che la prossima grande azione di Fusione e Acquisizione (M&A) avverrà nel Sud-Est Asiatico e ci stiamo muovendo aggressivamente per poterne approfittare.
Nel frattempo, sono curioso di sapere quali altre opportunità i lettori pensano possano nascere. Commentate pure qui sotto, fatemi sapere.

"Il monopolio del dollaro nel mercato dell’energia sta danneggiando l’economia della Russia” - Vladimir Putin

Chris Tell
Fonte: http://capitalistexploits.at
Link: http://capitalistexploits.at/2014/08/how-putin-just-saved-europe-and-other-geopolitical-tales/
26.08.2014

Traduzione per www.comedonchisciotte.org a cura di SKONCERTATA63

http://www.comedonchisciotte.org/site/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=13839

Dibattito circa il caso James Foley su TGCOM24 il 28/08/2014 (presente Massimo Mazzucco)

In alcuni frangenti del video sono presenti immagini FORTI (anche se tutto potrebbe essere MADE IN HOLLIWOOD)

Siamo quello che pensiamo

giovedì 28 agosto 2014

Elenco di video "salutari"

1) Andrea Zaupa a New York: (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vr0kdSGXBcE)

2)   Intervista a Valdo Vaccaro. Alimentarsi Correttamente - YouTube
(www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUIh_nUoe_w‎)

3) Caricato da Words Mean All: Intervista a Valdo Vaccaro per capire quale sia la dieta corretta
dell'essere umano.

4)   Quattro domande a Valdo Vaccaro - YouTube
(www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBxpzA_12V4‎)

5) Caricato da GuarireNaturalmente: Che cosa dobbiamo sapere sulla carne? Come si verifica
l'acidosi? Dove si trovano le proteine?

6)   Cibo vivo, mente libera (part 1) - YouTube
(www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0zAiO3iRjo)

7) Caricato da Stica Stami: Valdo Vaccaro a Livorno (prima conferenza in Toscana) (part 1)

8)   Alimentazione Naturale per un benessere su tutti i fronti - YouTube
(www.youtube.com/watch?v=cG0UbTvDAgg‎)

9) Caricato da Silvano Ambra: Valdo Vaccaro risponde a una domanda dopo la conferenza
tenuta presso il Centro Culturale ...

10) Tumore: barriera e strumento del sistema immunitario - YouTube

(www.youtube.com/watch?v=p8GXn8z2DRI‎)

11) Caricato da TheMissvegan: Grande Valdo che tanto fa per la nostra salute senza scopo di lucro.

12) Curarsi senza farmaci (autoguarigione) - YouTube
(www.youtube.com/watch?v=oGLLXzWWmIs‎)

13) Caricato da NemesisDivina1: Ringrazio l'utente Vibra Vito. Questo il suo
canale: http://www.youtube.com/user/ vibravito Conferenza.

14) Cibo vivo, mente libera (part 2) (domande e risposte) - YouTube
(www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxp83OBD1G0)

15) Caricato da Stica Stami: Valdo Vaccaro a Livorno (prima conferenza in Toscana) (part 2) -
Cibo vivo, mente libera (domande e risposte)

16) Lezioni di botanica con Valdo Vaccaro - YouTube
(www.youtube.com/watch?v=-CBgu2ori5Y‎)

17) Caricato da ILpianetaVEGetariANO. A passeggio nei giardini di Maria a Sorrento con Valdo Vaccaro. La Natura offre tante squisite erbe.

18) La farsa delle diete dimagranti - You Tube
(www.youtube.com/watch?v=XnbVgl3iGG4‎)

19) Caricato da TheMissvegan: Conferenza del Dr. Valdo Vaccaro, Filosofo, Economista, Naturopata, esperto in Strategie Alimentari

20) Curarsi senza farmaci con l'Igiene Vitale - 1-8 - YouTube
(www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4t6xqSw7lY‎)

21) Caricato da Vibra Vito: Conferenza ABIN-Bergamo del 6 novembre 2011

*****

ISTRUZIONI VARIE

Il Blog di Valdo Vaccaro (http://www.adiva.eu/valdo-vaccaro)
Per completare l'iscrizione alla newsletter Il Blog di Valdo Vaccaro clicca su questo link:
http://www.adiva.eu/cgi-bin/gmactive.pl?id=0358244547A71616A5F6F745C63615C726D3B6D6329636D687C745C6C626A765F5E635F6D6F. Se non riesci ad avviare il link, copia e incolla l'indirizzo sul tuo browser preferito. Se non era tua intenzione iscriverti, ignora questa email. Grazie. GoMail, il gestore di newsletter facile da usare - http://www.adiva.eu

LIBRI IN LINGUA INGLESE E CINESE

Contattando www.drvaccaro.com, è possibile ordinare "22000 Diseases, one prevention one cure", versione digitale in Inglese di Alimentazione Naturale, edito dalla Luminosity Publishing Corp-Holland (att. dr Fidel Natarella, fidelismo@gmail.com). Contattando www.drvaldovaccaro.com.hk è possibile ordinare Natural Nutrition in Inglese o in Cinese Mandarin, in versione cartacea e digitale (att. Vincent Lai, mlai1997@gmail.com)

http://valdovaccaro.blogspot.it/

Segni indelebili dell’attività umana sul pianeta Terra: chilometri e chilometri di fori

L'attività umana ha modificato così profondamente il volto del pianeta che i geologi pensano che l'era nella quale stiamo vivendo possa essere definita 'Antropocene'. Tra le operazioni più deturpanti e indelebili, lo scavo di fori nella crosta terrestre profondi chilometri.

28 agosto 2014 | Sei in Categoria: Ricerca Scientifica | Tags: geologia

Si stima che gli esseri umani abbiano modificato oltre la metà della superficie del pianeta.
Si tratta di cambiamenti facili da notare: le montagne vengono scavate, le foreste si riducono e un numero crescente si specie viventi si sta estinguendo.
I mutamenti sono così drammatici per il pianeta che alcuni geologi hanno chiamato questa fase della linea temporale geologica della Terra ‘Antropocene‘.
Questo per quanto riguarda le attività umane in superficie. Ma quali segni stiamo lasciando nelle profondità del sottosuolo?
“Dato che non si trovano nel nostro ambiente di vita immediato, queste attività non sembrano così significative”, spiega su LiveScience Jan Zalasiewicz, docente di paleobiologia presso l’Università di Leicester, Regno Unito.
In uno studio condotto da Zalasiewicz e colleghi, si sostiene che l’attività umana sotto la superficie è causa di un cambiamento continuo della Terra: una rete tentacolare di fori realizzati per attività di tipo minerario, energetico o esplorativo, fornisce ulteriori prove che la Terra è entrata nell’era dell’Antropocene.

Lontano dagli occhi, lontano dal cuore

La distanza tra la superficie del pianeta e il suo centro è di circa 6.373 chilometri. La vita animale smette di esistere a circa 2 chilometri sotto la superficie, lì dove alcuni minatori hanno scoperto alcuni vermi ‘estremofili’ nelle miniere d’oro del Sudafrica.
Tuttavia, è noto che la vita microbica riesce a sopravvivere alla profondità di 2,7 chilometri. Ma, secondo i geologi, gli esseri umani sono riusciti a lasciare un segno indelebile ben oltre queste profondità.
Quando un animale muore, lascia dietro di se una traccia scheletrica, insieme a centinaia di tracce fossili sotto forma di tane. La maggior parte degli animali lascia queste tracce a pochi centimetri di profondità.
Gli scavatori più arditi sono i coccodrilli del Nilo, riuscendo a raggiungere la profondità di 12 metri. Le radici dell’albero africano Boscia albitrunca, noto anche come Albero del Pastore, possono raggiungere i 68 metri di profondità.
Anche gli esseri umani sono riusciti a lasciare tracce fossili della loro presenza nel sottosuolo del pianeta, solo che queste arrivano alla profondità di 12,3 chilometri, alterando permanentemente gli strati di roccia.
“Nessun altra specie ha mai raggiunto tali profondità nella crosta terrestre, o realizzato modifiche così numerose nelle profondità del pianeta”, scrivono i ricercatori nello studio pubblicato sulla rivista ‘Antropocene‘.

Modifiche permanenti

Le prime incursioni umane nel sottosuolo sono avvenute durante l’Età del Bronzo, quando la gente ha cominciato a scavare miniere poco profonde in cerca di selce e metalli. La rivoluzione industriale del 1800 ha spinto gli esseri umani a profondità maggiori. Tuttavia, molti dei fori, come pozzi per l’acqua, fognature e linee per la metropolitana, erano relativamente poco estesi, spingendosi a meno di 100 metri di profondità.
Solo a partire dal 1950, nel periodo chiamato da alcuni geologi “grande accelerazione”, gli esseri umani hanno cominciato a spingersi oltre i 100 metri.
La crescente domanda di risorse ha portato allo scavo di più miniere per raccogliere carbone ed altri minerali. Nella maggior parte dei casi, l’estrazione si estende solo alcune centinaia di metri di profondità, ma le miniere d’oro in Sudafrica si spingono per quasi 5 chilometri sotto la superficie.

Leggi anche:
Perchè l’evoluzione umana è fuori dall’armonia del cosmo?
Benvenuni nell’Antropocene: l’era geologica provocata dall’uomo

Negli ultimi decenni sono apparsi sempre più pozzi. Alcuni sono perforati per ottenere energia termica, altri sono utilizzati per cavare materiale naturale della Terra, come ad esempio gli idrocarburi, gas e minerali. I pozzi sono stati poi riempiti con altri materiali, tra cui fango, cemento o rifiuti solido.
Se tutti i pozzi di petrolio fossero accatastati uno sull’altro, raggiungerebbero la lunghezza di 50 mila chilometri, più o meno la distanza tra Terra e Marte. Per ogni essere umano, esitono circa 7 metri di trivellazione.
Il petrolio estratto è spesso sostituito con l’acqua che filtra dalle rocce vicine o con anidride carbonica, la quale viene pompata nel corso di un processo chiamato ‘Cattura e sequestro del carbonio‘.
Le ferite più gravi sono causate dai test nucleari sotterranei. I siti di prova mostrano la rottura e la fusione delle rocce circostanti, con grave inquinamento delle falde acquifere. Le caverne sotterranee, inoltre, vengono poi utilizzate per lo stoccaggio dei rifiuti radioattivi delle prove.
Questi cambiamenti determinati dall’uomo sotto la superficie resteranno lì, protetti dall’erosione naturale, per molto, molto tempo. “La rete di miniere e pozzi ha senza dubbio il più alto potenziale di conservazione a lungo termine di qualsiasi altra cosa fatta dagli esseri umani”, commenta Zalasiewicz.

Ecco il motore di ricerca che svela qualunque segreto sulla tua vita

Martedì 26 Agosto 2014

di Simone Nocentini

NEW YORK - Digitando il nome e il cognome di una persona, il motore di ricerca vi fornisce una lunghissima lista di informazioni: dalle ultime telefonate ricevute alle sue conquiste sentimentali. Un film di fantascienza? No, vi sbagliate. Secondo quanto riportato dal sito 'The Intercept', infatti, sulla base di alcuni documenti posseduti da Edward Snowden, questo tipo di motore di ricerca esisterebbe eccome e sarebbe di proprietà della National Security Agency statunitense (Agenzia di Sicurezza Nazionale), che sarebbe capace di risalire a qualsiasi tipo di informazione su qualsiasi individuo. Il sistema si chiama 'Icreach' e si presenterebbe come il sito di Google, con l'unica differenza che Icreach monitora continuamente 850.000 registri contenenti anche informazioni su sms ed email.

http://www.leggo.it/TECNOLOGIA/NEWS/motore_ricerca_icreach_segreto/notizie/864357.shtml

L'intelligenza

mercoledì 27 agosto 2014

Uomo bianco

"Il Fiore Dell'Arte" a Ronchi dei Legionari

Non sono solito a fare pubblicità a negozi, ma in questo caso, di questi tempi in cui acquistiamo cibi morti e sempre più avvelenati nei supermercati, volevo segnalare questo emporio erboristico, un bio-shop "familiare" che offre ottimi consigli grazie al suo staff preparato e cordiale.

Il Fiore dell'Arte di Dario Blasich

Indirizzo: Via Giosue' Carducci , 21, Ronchi dei Legionari (Gorizia) - di fronte alle scuole elementari, accanto al nuovo negozio "Il Tulipano".

Telefono:0481 475545

Ognuno è ciò che mangia

Gioco-giogo antico fra padroni e schiavi: la madre di tutti i mondi economici che nel tempo si possano immaginare

Nelle terre oltreatlantico, "scoperte" da Cristoforo Colombo molte genti trovarono fortuna e tanta terra per mantenersi liberi. Accadde poi che la cura personale della terra, da cui trarre sostegno alimentare, venne considerato disdicevole se si avevano i "mezzi" per comprare schiavi a cui affidare la cura della terra e dei raccolti per conto del "padrone".

Credo che questo abbandono della cura personale del cibo per sostenere il proprio corpo sia l'errore fondamentale a cui si legano tutti gli altri errori che danno, variegata errata, forma alle società moderne disaggregate e disaggreganti. Sembra una maledizione del cielo quella che colpisce le società che si strutturano nel gioco-giogo antico fra padroni e schiavi. Invece, non ha nessun bisogno di intervenire il celato cielo; gli abitanti della terra sembrano non riconoscere in quel gioco-giogo antico la grande madre di tutti i mondi economici più sofisticati che nel tempo che scorre inesorabile si possano immaginare.
Andiamo per ordine. Se voi possedeste un orto e da quel pezzettino di terra, poniamo il caso e per esempio, provenissero l'aglio, le cipolle, le carote, le patate, i pomodori, le zucchine, le melanzane, i fagioli, i piselli, l'uva, le pesche, le mele, le pere e quanta e altra frutta e verdura vi potesse permettere l'ampiezza del vostro terreno unita alla vostra capacità di prendervi cura dei frutti che quella terra potrebbe darvi, senza chiedervi nessuna ricompensa. (Eh si perché alla Terra è sconosciuto il vostro mondo economico.)
Questo cibo, vegetariano in questo nostro esempio, sarebbe "toccato" dalla Terra, dagli insetti (api per esempio), dall'acqua piovana e/o da quella proveniente dal vostro rubinetto o dall'eventuale ruscello vicino che si spera limpido, dal vento, dal sole, da qualche animaletto curioso o semplicemente affamato. Questo sarebbe il miglior cibo che potreste immaginare per sostenere il vostro corpo; semplicemente perché è stato "toccato" solo dalla natura e da voi. Sarebbe anche il miglior cibo che voi potreste immaginare di mettere su una tavola, attorno alla quale si trovasse riunita la vostra famigliola, per il pranzo o per la cena.
La chiave dell'aggettivo "migliore" che accompagna il termine "cibo" si trova nel verbo "toccare". Se voi "toccate" il vostro cibo e vostra moglie (per esempio se fosse anche la madre dei vostri bambini) "toccasse" quel cibo per cucinarlo contribuirebbe, con il suo "tocco" ad armonizzare quel cibo destinato a sostenere i vostri organismi in costante trasformazione. È notorio che il corpo si "ricambia continuamente". Basterebbe vedere i vostri figli crescere, per rendervi conto di questo costante ricambio dei "mattoni" che costituiscono il vostro corpo-casa.
Nell'immagine bucolica che abbiamo appena rappresentato, il padre e la madre, quando toccano il cibo o per curarlo o raccoglierlo dal campo o per cucinarlo, lo "impregnano" di sé. Sono i vostri pensieri, le vostre preoccupazioni, le vostre speranze, le vostre gioie, le vostre rabbie, il vostro tremendo odio, le vostre delusioni, le eventuali vostre malattie che "entrano" nel cibo che "toccate". Non ci credete? Allora spiegatemi cosa è un feromone. Questo termine proviene dal latino fero(r)mone: che porta (fero) una sostanza eccitante (dal greco Hormon: che eccita). Il termine, quindi, indica una sostanza chimica emessa da un animale capace di influenzare lo sviluppo o la riproduzione di altri individui della stessa specie.
Fatevi raccontare qualcosa dai cercatori (non asessuati) di feromoni umani. A proposito, mentre cercate informazioni, non fatevi abbindolare da chi vi offre feromoni umani capaci di far cadere ai vostri piedi la preda, maschio o femmina, che vi piacerebbe cacciare.
Ho accennato al feromone, per rafforzare quel verbo "toccare" che, prima, ho posto alla base del rapporto, "personale", che si instaura con il cibo, non solo per rendere visibile che la biochimica umana ancora nasconde informazioni - stabilite voi se per fortuna o no - ai cercatori di brevetti biochimici.
Se dunque "toccare il cibo" significa informarlo di se; provate a immaginare quanto si siano trovati incastrati coloro che, pensando di esseri diventati padroni di anime e di corpi, hanno ingerito cibo coltivato, raccolto e cucinato dai loro schiavi.
Provate a immaginare che questo sia stato il vero motivo per cui la schiavitù, nel cosiddetto nuovo mondo, ha cercato strade diverse; preferendo le menti ai corpi.
Cucinare, mentre si è nervosi o "arrabbiati", dà informazioni "destabilizzanti" al cibo; lo sanno bene i cuochi dei ristoranti, lo sanno bene le madri, quando si vedono il cibo, malinformato, assaggiato e rifiutato.
Provate a immaginare quanto possiate disinteressarvi del fatto che, i pomodori che avete, per esempio, acquistati, portati a casa e che cucinerete per voi e per i vostri bambini, siano stati raccolti, sempre per esempio, da africani sfruttati, schiavizzati e meno che sottopagati; che quindi quei pomodori siano stati "impregnati" dalla sofferenza, dalla delusione, dalla rabbia per lo sfruttamento schiavista subito.
Provate pure a disinteressarvene; tanto ci penseranno quei pomodori, quelle carote, quelle patate, quelle cipolle, quelle ulive, che diverranno un micidiale olio, quell'uva, che diverrà un micidiale vino, a ricordarselo per voi.
E non illudetevi che queste "informazioni" riguardino solo il cibo. Sapeste quanto sono "tragicamente informati" i vestiti, le scarpe, la tecnologia, provenienti da paesi dove anche i bambini diventano "vuoti a perdere" di una società schiava del mondo economico di turno. Ecco perché l'uomo è si ciò che pensa e ciò che fa, ma è anche ciò che mangia, è anche ciò che lo veste, è anche ciò che lo rende tecnologicamente opulento, non evoluto.
Alberto Roccatano
Per www.nexusedizioni.it
5 settembre 2010
Scarica il .pdf
Autore: Alberto Roccatano

http://nexusedizioni.it/it/CT/ognuno-e-cio-che-mangia-3914

Nel presente

Se vuoi conoscere il passato, guarda il tuo presente.
Se vuoi conoscere il futuro, guarda il tuo presente.

Buddha

martedì 26 agosto 2014

Mahatma Gandhi

Wwoofing, viaggiare gratis avventurandosi per il mondo

22.07.2014

Alessandro Murgia

Nella foto Lucio, Anna e la piccola Gaia mentre si avventurano per il mondo con il wwoofing. (Gentile concessione di Lucio Basadonne)

Una frase di Paulo Coelho dice: «Viaggiare non è mai una questione di denaro, bensì di coraggio».
Ne è un esempio la storia di Lucio, Anna e Gaia, intraprendente famiglia genovese che nella primavera di quest'anno ha deciso di lasciare la propria casa con una valigia, una videocamera e tanto coraggio.
Nasce così l'idea del documentario UNLEARNING e la storia del pollo a quattro zampe. Un giorno, la piccola Gaia disegna un pollo con quattro zampe invece che due. Ideato, probabilmente, da una visione dell'unica forma di pollo che conosce: quella nelle vaschette confezionate del supermercato.
«È stata questa la goccia che ha fatto traboccare il vaso – dice il papà, Lucio Basadonne, 35 anni – Il fatto che la bambina non sapesse com'era fatto un pollo perché la sua percezione degli animali è: il latte nel cartone, il pollo nella confezione... la percezione di un bimbo che cresce in città, e a questo punto abbiamo detto: qual' è il modello che stiamo proponendo alla nostra bimba? Vediamo se ci sono famiglie che si muovono in maniera diversa... Così è partito il viaggio». Un documentario per raccontare un’avventura fatta di baratto, di wwofing, banca del tempo e couchsurfing.
Il wwoofing è uno dei modi usati dalla simpatica famigliola per trovare riposo e ristoro viaggiando da un paese all'altro. WWOOF, che sta per World-Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms, è l’opportunità di offrire il proprio lavoro nelle fattorie biologiche di tutto il mondo, in cambio di vitto e alloggio.

Ipocrisia a 1000

lunedì 25 agosto 2014

Scie Chimiche: la guerra segreta

domenica 24 agosto 2014

THE RAIMONDI STELA An Oopart in ancient pre-Columbian Peru Article written by -il Pensatore-, August 14th 2014 (Translated from Italian)

THE RAIMONDI STELA

An Oopart in ancient pre-Columbian Peru

Article written by-il Pensatore-, August 14^th 2014

(Translated from Italian)

Introduction

I consider the academic archaeology, as taught in the universities and then disclosed to the public, a large scam when deals with periods prior to the Classical age based on ancient Greece and Rome. This becomes even more striking when the topic is based on civilizations born and developed outside the European context. The archaeological evidences -i.e. artifacts and ancient documentary sources- can be dated with a better degree of verisimilitude when the connected periods are fairly close to us, because we can observe their cultural and technological evolution -in form of written documents, graphical representations and technological innovations- developing throughout the centuries and arriving until today. However, be careful my dear Reader, since everything is sieved trough the grid of the establishment. For explaining this concept I want to make the following example. During the so-called barbarian invasions, the Western World lost a huge amount of very precious books, but - according to the official mindset - there is no mystery about this loss: the main reason was the indiscriminate destruction of libraries perpetrated by the invaders… but in reality not the only one. The official historiography always neglects to give the due importance to a pivotal event; after 314 AD, Constantine the Great was the unique owner of the Roman Empire, he stopped the persecutions against the many and different Christian sects and, above all, after the Nicene council –this was a big and fundamental meeting of bishops and scholars that lasted from May 20^th to July 25^th, 325 AD- he started to give important positions inside the administrative power to Christian functionaries. This practice grew with his sons and successors, Constantius II and Constans, who began also to discriminate the pagan subjects, but without the use of violence against the traditional Roman temples and simulacra. But those bishops forming the emerging, powerful and dreadful Roman Catholic faction did not accept other competitors: the emperor Theodosius the First was a very devout Nicene Christian and declared, in February 27^th 380 AD, the Roman Catholicism as state religion. The true winner was Ambrose (Aurelius Ambrosius) bishop of Milan; he was the most important imperial counselor and also a man full of rancor toward other people’s opinions. Ambrose convinced Theodosius to impose, even with the use of violence, the Roman Catholicism as the only creed permitted in all the Empire, promulgating the so called “Theodosian Decrees”. So, in 391 AD, the persecutions started against the pagans -who, anyway, were still the majority of the population inside the Empire’s borders- and also against all the symbols of ancient gods. The other different Christian sects were ravaged without mercy too. Surely the books were a legitimate target: at that time, the Christian literature was at an embryonic state compared to the immeasurable Greek-Roman literature. Many public libraries were dedicated to ancient gods, some others were installed inside shrines. A the beginning of the 3^rd century, emperor Caracalla closed the Musaeum, the huge building that was the main and first location of the very famous Library of Alexandria. Many years later, in 264 AD, the books were relocated in the Serapeum of Alexandria, shrine dedicated to Jupiter Serapis. A few weeks after the “Theodosian Decrees”, the shrine was destroyed completely by a crowd of Christian fanatics acting on behalf of bishop Theophilus; the books burnt together with many other absolute masterpieces of Art, such as sculptures, mosaics, frescos and paintings. This is an useful way always loved by the power -above all when it is undermining an older one- for deleting concepts, ideas, memories and for perverting the History: the nazis were not the first to burn books. It has always been told that the medieval monks were the saviors of the Western civilization, during and after the barbarian invasions; sadly, this is just partially true. The amanuensis monks, during the Middle Ages, had the complete possibility to choose –through the repeated copy of the original old manuscripts- what to transmit to the posterity and what don’t. That was the first kind of censorship applied in the Western World after the fall of the Roman ecumenism, with the plain purpose to allow the surviving of ideas, concepts and memories in line with -or, using the opportune manipulations. could be in line with- the Papal supremacy, because this one was the power’s intolerant ideology and not just its simple religion. Probably, the so called Barbarians were less barbaric than, or at least as barbaric as, many fanatic Christians who inflicted to other people –but with an extension a lot wider- the same persecutions that some Christian followers suffered at one time. Even the masterpieces of the Greek-Roman canon were vandalized because of the nudity and because often showing the ancient gods; the Taliban, when destroyed the icons of Buddha in south Afghanistan, were not the first to demolish the relics of past religions¹. Therefore, the sublime artistic value of the very famous bronze statues from Riace, Italy, (I Bronzi di Riace) is absolutely pertinent to the most sumptuous period of ancient Greece, when operated such sublime artists as Phidias, Polykleitos and Praxiteles; at that time, is positively established the high Hellenic mastery² in metal casting technology. Then this artistic inspiration and the manual ability were transmitted to Imperial Rome and further enriched. With the fall of Rome many traumatic changes occurred throughout the Old World: those knowledge heritage, skills and crystallinity of views decayed during the next Middle Age (up to Nicola Pisano: this multi-faceted genius for me marks a pivotal moment). The European artists, followers of that past splendor, found themselves unable to rise to the levels of their ancient inspiring and far mentors. In this deficiency they were the sons of their cruel, bigoted and asphyxiated time. This can also be seen in the delay with which the majesty of buildings such as the Parthenon, the Pantheon and the Imperial Basilicae, just to name some of them, was first equaled and then in some cases exceeded by Gothic cathedrals. Namely, during the Dark Ages, European sculptors and architects even if are not starting from zero, in reality they have practically almost to improvise. This means that, for example, at the time of Charlemagne, the construction of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus³ and the creation of the Discobolus of Myron were truly impossible, they would have been OOPART, i.e. of Out of Place Artifacts. All this notwithstanding, I repeat, the European civilization had, parked into oblivion, all the knowledge and skill to continue on that bright path: the fall of the Roman world had signed a hiatus, its ideals had been almost destroyed. But if this sort of handicap is surely true in a period of decline which follows a period of splendor, it's strongly truer and oppressive when it is referred to a civilization that in its past -i.e. the cultures of the so-called Formativo Inicial- didn't have, as well as in its present -precisely the period Chavín- doesn’t have and even will not have in its future either the technology or the skill and the appropriate gesture, during the apotheosis of the Inca period. There is no sign, no hint, that could match the sublimity of that peculiar and elusive intermezzo –i.e. the monolith that we will see below- according to the dictates related by the captious official archaeology; I'm referring to the succession of civilizations in the ancient Peru until the arrival of the Conquistadores, in particular to the so-called Chavín de Huantar age. This may sound like a rhetorical assertion, but actually reflects the situation of an enormous amount of knowledge and artifacts of civilization very far away from us in time and distance, for example the pyramids of Giza, the astronomical knowledge of the Mayas, the cyclopean walls of Sacsayuhaman on the top of Cuzco, the Trilithon of Baalbek in Lebanon (just to name some examples). All these are archaeological evidences in front of anyone, but the pharisaic official scholars distort, pervert and displace temporally them to their use and consumption. In this article, for obvious reasons of brevity and lack of financial resources to go wherever I felt the need, but above all for personal sympathy towards the topic, I will focus on an element belonging to the pre-Columbian world, to the pre-Inca period of that huge area known, in its apotheosis, with the name of Tahuantinsuyo, i.e. the -Empire of the Four Corners of the World-, exact name of the Amerindian Empire with capital the Andean city of Cuzco, which in Quechua language⁴ means –Navel of the World -. I'm talking about the so-called "Antonio Raimondi Stele”, unique and unappreciated artifact.

The discoverer

Antonio Raimondi⁵, who was this man? Yes, he was one of the many that, in our history, have left a forgotten inheritance even if very precious: one of those who have made for the neighbor and the posterity a lot more than many of us might be able to do, but he never will reach in his homeland the reputation of Piero Angela. He was first a patriot on the barricades in Milan, between March 18^th and 22^nd, 1848, and then, due to the final Austrian victory, an exiled in the New World, where he arrived with no means but rich of genius; Peru became his new home. That nation was still consolidating its independence and identity, since it was for a long time, thanks to the city of Lima built three centuries earlier by Francisco Pizarro, the cradle of the Hispanic Viceroyalty in South America. He was one of the first foreign teachers at the University of Lima and one of the founders of the Faculty of Medicine, but above all he was the first modern explorer of those places, which traveled in every possible direction. Talented illustrator, Raimondi has left thousands of representations of plants, landscape and pre-Columbian artifacts. He was an Indiana Jones that has existed for real, but with his hands without the blood of his fellow man. When the young officer Leoncio Prado⁶, son of the constitutional President of Peru Mariano Ignacio Prado, was missed during an exploratory mission led by a platoon of soldiers in the Amazon jungle, Raimondi, assisted by some native guides, was able to find and bring him back to civilization safely. It does not appear that he loved guns, but he became skilled to use the machete to open the path in the tangled rainforest. When the city of Lima, at the end of the South-Pacific war, was occupied in January 1881 by Chilean soldiers, he exhibited on the balcony of his house the Italian flag and, during that long terrible period, tens of people of every gender and age were able to find there a shelter, escaping from the violence constantly committed by enemy soldiers. So big was his prestige that de facto the big and old mansion became a territory protected by diplomatic immunity. Nowadays, two of the best schools in the Country have his name.

Picture I-Antonio Raimondi and the top of the statue to him inspired in the limeña square that could only be called Plaza Italia

The discovery

In 1860, Raimondi was investigating the vast archaeological site currently known as Chavín de Huantar⁷and was approached by a farmer, the native Timoteo Espinoza, who spoke in Quechua; no problems at all, the Italian explorer was already very fluent in this language. More or less, the campesino told him: "Stranger, I know you are looking for ancient things, so do you want to see something really unique?”. In the following, almost farcical, way happens one of the most important discoveries in the history of American archeology; below the Italian’s amazed eyes, the great stone slab used as dining table, at the Espinoza’s home, shows her truly identity: a magnificent, very ancient, finely and intricately carved stele. These are its measures, height 198 cm, width 74 cm, 17 cm thickness. It depicts the so-called Dios de Los Dos Baculos, i.e. the – God with two sticks-. Despite its obvious importance, this relic remained in oblivion for thirteen years; finally, President José Balta ordered the transport in the capital. But the vicissitudes were not finished: during the looting perpetrated by Chilean soldiers in the first months of 1881⁸ against all the Peruvian cultural heritage, the stone, still wrapped in a heavy blanket, was struck by those who were plundering the Museo de Historia and fell badly on the floor, breaking in two pieces. When the looters looked at what lied at their feet just saw the back completely smooth and did not gave further importance; thus the Raimondi stele remained fortuitously in its Peru. In 1940, it suffered another shock but with minimal consequences: the great earthquake of that year caused the rupture of some parts of the frame.

The stele

Picture II – the original

Picture III: graphic transposition with better resolution

Picture IV: thanks to this comparison, we can see that the central figures, flipping the stele, have another expression

In August 2001, I could directly see this masterpiece at the Museo Nacional de Arqueología Antropología e Historia del Perú, that los Limeños call proudly and simply El Museo de la Nación. Thanks to the fact that, in those days, I was involved in the excavations at the Huaca Pucllana⁹, a pre-Inca site located now in the current context of Lima, I was allowed to get close and make some summary measurements about which, unfortunately, I am not satisfied at all. I was not allowed to put on the surface of the stone either the centesimal gauge or the measuring tape. In addition, since that time the Museum was preparing a new edition of the catalog, the Director denied also the permission to take some photographs of any exhibit and above all of the stele; at least, I was allowed to touch it with bare hands and that, for its time, was a real concession. Apparently, in recent years, since there are several pictures portraying the stone available on the Web, something has changed in the direction of that Museum. The protagonist is literally a dwarf of about 90 cm, with his head covered by a full helmet depicting a large feline, probably a jaguar or puma. This helmet/mask is surmounted by a series of complicated elaboration of feline and snakelike elements that take turns to each other, especially big snake heads. Flipping the picture the expression of various characters changes, the feeling is the transition from threat to happiness. This technique, which in the Raimondi stele reaches the climax, is indicated by Prof. N.J.Wade¹⁰ as -Binocular Rivalry- (or Contour Rivalry). In short, this phenomenon describes the effect of visual perception of different and alternate contiguous images, shown at the same time to both eyes. The first scholar to become aware of this very intriguing phenomenon was, according to Wade, the Neapolitan mathematician and physicist – but especially alchemist- Giambattista della Porta; the argument is explained, for the first time in literature, in his book De Refactione Optces, 1589. Now I urge you to look carefully at the pictures of the stele: technically speaking, it presents the most carved areas all around the figure (i.e. along its boundaries); this contrivance allows the figure almost to emerge from the frame, having a three-dimensional effect of some sort. The pygmy’s features and the ones belonging to the other figures - i.e. the marks on the central part- are generally less deep; the same it’s true for the two sticks. The external carved sectors have a consistent depth of about 3 cm (surely not deeper than 5 cm) and the angle of 90° is respected along its entire perimeter. I was literally astonished when my fingertips could feel that perfect and continuous edge –truly almost cutting- as far as my hands arrived. Instead, the lines (we can certainly call them continuous engravings, rather than superficial graffiti) forming the dwarf’s outlines have a consistent depth of about 3 or 5 mm and an equal width; the same it’s true for the headdress. The pygmy’s nostrils, the dragons’ eyes -or the big snakes forming the central headdress sector on the mask- have a depth apparently equal to the areas carved between the figures and the frame; even the 90° angle is respected. At the touch, the inner surface of the figures is almost mirror polished, it is interrupted only by the figures’ outlines and the diagonal split -the sad memory from 1881- immediately above the helmet/mask. My fingertips don’t perceive any coarseness; same for the sides and the posterior part, which are completely devoid of engravings. Also the lateral carved sectors are very smooth. The character is enclosed in a frame about 3 cm thick; that thickness is consistently maintained along the perimeter of the stele. All the different measures: depth, width, straightness, curves and angles are almost always consistent; i.e. there are no deviations, the few errors are subtles; the repetition of the drawings is precise. Where this precision does not exist, I think about flaws, first of all, due to the effect of weathering and the vicissitudes of Millennia, rather than to the author's mistake. The execution seems to have been made by placing on the surface of the slab a sheet of graph paper, on which was drawn first one half and then symmetrically the other. Antonio Raimondi wrote, among other things, regarding this topic in the report sent to the Government in Lima: "This stone is worthy of great respect for the complicated and refined design, for the amazing and precise symmetry; you notice a work so difficult that the best artist could not overcome this perfection."¹¹. Over a century later, in his masterpiece Historical Atlas and World Mythology, prof. Joseph Campbell¹² speaks of the chisel work necessary to reach such a preciosity but without facing the question of its working methods. In addition, since Campbell was also a brilliant scholar (and likely practitioner) of esotericism, he believes to find -hidden in the complicated pattern- the fourth chakra of Hinduism, that of the heart called Anahata, which in this case symbolizes the union of immanence and transcendence. At this point it is necessary to speak about the period in which this extraordinary artifact was created: well, the official historiography attributes it to the Chavín culture, existed in Peru between 1200 BC and 200 BC. Nowadays, its most important location is the huge archeological site named Chavín de Huántar, Conchucos Valley (3,180 m above sea level); current province of Huari, Department of Ancasch, approximately 462 kilometers Northwest of Lima. The etymology of the name Chavín de Huántar is obscure¹³ and the language is Quechua. However, very probably this denomination is more recent than the period in question; therefore, it is not certain that it was the name used by the natives to indicate their nation. Generally, it is recognized as the most important pre-Inca period, albeit still dotted with more gaps and questions than certainties. The supposed date of the stele’s manufacture collecting the wider consensus is proposed by Campbell, i.e. around 900 BC. However, the official historians making this declaration wrap themselves in a huge contradiction: why? Simple: the Spaniards, when face and destroy the great pre-Columbian civilizations, have the good fortune to come across enemies that cannot defend themselves with similar advanced weapons. The Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas have a primordial metallurgy: they do not know either the iron or steel; in South America, the first attempts to get the bronze casting (the bronze is an alloy produced by combining copper and tin) is supposed to have occurred only after the 9^th century AD; for instance, in Europe at that time the bronze was used just as material apt for sculptures using the casting methods, starting from the 10^th century BC at least. However, according to the official historiography, metallurgy has always represented a minor entry in the economy of that time, even during the Inca imperial age.

The material

At least, this is true according to the agenda asserted by the academic establishment. Gold, silver, and copper are malleable metals and for this reason, in the context of human progress, have given way to those harder and resistant, in order to create more robust tools for all kinds of jobs. Even if more resistant than copper, bronze remains fragile and to overcome this problem it has to be used in large quantities for each product; for example, statues, bells and cannons. The so-called Chavín did not know even the bronze but had the ability to create this gem, working a huge granite block and using even ridiculous tools: this can't have happened! Let's see why. Granite is rock of igneous origin which, technically speaking, is described as very hard; using as reference point the Mohs scale, some types of granite have a hardness of level 6 while others have 7. Just to be clear, the marble has a level between the 3 and the 4 while the diamond is at the top with level 10. The empirical utility of the Mohs scale is given by the following criterion: each item is able to scratch what precedes it (i.e. lower-level ones) but not vice versa.

Mohs Scale

Tender (it is possible to scratch them with a finger nail)

talc
chalk

Semi-hard (it is possible to scratch them with a metallic point)

calcite
fluorite
apatite

Hard (it is not possible to scratch them with a metallic point)

orthoclase
quartz
topaz

9- corundum

10 – diamond

Vickers Scale

But here I must cite a thing: almost up until today, in reference to this stele was always spoken of granite in the broadest sense of the word: instead, in 2009, Prof. George Rapp¹⁴, a very famous geologist at the University of Minnesota, asserts it is made of diorite. Without falling into disquisition if the diorite is a rock of granitic type or a different kind, this means that its hardness tends more toward the level 8 than the 7 properly said. The table following the Mohs one permits to compare the granitic rocks with other elements using the more recent Vickers scale. We can see that the granite is almost hard as the modern tempered industrial steel, even if the last one usually contains, besides carbon, also others components as chrome, molybdenum and vanadium, at least. The quartz is even harder than the hardened steel. The next one is very updated and has been elaborated by BTI, a Canadian leader industry in breaker technology, showing, among other elements, the high diorite hardness¹⁵:

The first sculptural works representing perfectly the human body, as I already said, belong to the classical Greece, where immeasurable artists had adequate tools made of iron, perhaps even of steel (chisels, hammers, wedges, files etc. ), to work the marble, a material not hard and not resistant; however, they have never dared to tackle similar endeavor against the granite. It is true that this stone was also used in remote antiquity, for example in Egypt and Mesopotamia, but never to produce refined objects in which the accuracy of the workmanship was essential to compose features and the 3D effect: the granite was usually used for flooring, building colonnades and partition walls; attempts to sculpt statues have given rough and summary results, though of very high artistic value. And if possible otherwise the great artists of the Greek canon would have used it certainly. Ops, excuse me, instead -in places as, above all, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Latin America and with a little smaller percentage everywhere- there are many other intriguing “eyesores” that are at same level of the Raimondi stone but, I beg your pardon, in this work I have time just to cite an handful of them in a further page.

The Processing

The granitic rocks (and the similar ones, including the diorite) are highly resistant to any kind of friction, to the high temperatures and to the acids. To be able to cut pieces of granite that were truly slabs correctly formed, I mean with a perimeter having four angles of 90° - i.e. perfect parallelepipeds -, it had to wait for the invention of the helical steel cable twisted-wire, with splinters of diamond on pulley leaf, dating back to the end of 1800. To further refine the working process the Italian Luigi Madrigali¹⁶ invented thirty years ago, the steel wire with cylinders of steel alternating with globules of synthetic diamonds on rotating support. Especially, nowadays to obtain grooving, precise engravings equal to the figures’ lineaments in the Raimondi stele, it is necessary to use drills with diamond-tungsten bits having a thickness of few millimeters (or military type laser); no one would dream to use hammer and chisel because such precision is unattainable with similar means. An ironic example, the woodsman’s ax is not suitable for cutting a nice, thin, round slice of mortadella. For each purpose that involves precision and refinement must be put in place the appropriate mode, otherwise the intent fails. I will make other examples: the surgeon’s lancet and the butcher’s knive have blades very sharp, but no surgeon will ever use the second to operate on the pancreas. The power of the kinetic energy delivered by explosive ordnances is calculated using the kiloton, a kiloton is equal to the explosion of a compact mass of one thousand tons of TNT. The Little Boy bomb dropped on Hiroshima on the 6^th August 1945 (8:15 local time) was approximately 16 kiloton; before that very infamous day, between the 13^th and 14^th February 1945, within less than 24 hours, the German city of Dresden was buried by 3,900 tons of conventional bombs dropped by the liberators. In short, you can blow up all the TNT that you want, but to get radioactive radiation the condicio sine qua non is the nuclear fission of uranium 235, or plutonium 239, highly concentrated. The human being to self-destruct himself with his own hands has used explosives since the middle Ages, but to get the quantum leap of the atomic mushroom cloud had to wait that, in the -Manhattan project-, the Oppenheimer’s genius had the appropriate technology. Proceeding with this discourse, the amount of pressure in kg per cm², exercised for the purpose of obtaining the complex figure portrayed on the stele, with the unsuitable utensils of all pre-Columbian civilizations, could obtain either the destruction of the same tools or to irregular block split, probably even both effects. Nowadays it is impossible to have at your disposal a copper saw, similar to the ones used during the Chavín de Huantar period, of at least 150 cm in length (attention, anyway nobody has been able to find such a big saw in any archaeological site in the New World). Therefore, dear reader, I encourage you to buy a modern handsaw in any hardware store: try to cut a simple diorite stone (it’s possible to find it in geology and mineralogy stores), after having put it in a bench vise, you'll see the tool's teeth scraping in vain first and then overheating, bending and losing the edge. Try with the help of a friend, I mean: you on one side and the other person on the opposite, so you will develop the friction faster on the rock... and in this way you can damage earlier the saw and save time, instead of making useless experiments. The intent can only get a very gaping cut at its inception and coarsely wavy along its depth; given the hardness of this particular stone is absolutely impossible to get a clean and perfectly perpendicular cut with a normal manual modern tool, although the saws that we can find at our trusted shopping centre are made in highly tempered carbon steel. The friction increases exponentially and therefore the generated heat damages the same blade’s molecular compactness; even any water cooling intent, however, wouldn’t truly change the situation, while the structure of the diorite endures ineffable. Or, buy an already polished granite slab, in a normal building store, and try to draw on it some fine engravings, long, deep and precise as those of our stele, using just the normal hammer and chisel and you'll feel immediately frustrated to death. If you want to use a drill with a steel tip therefore you will get hungry even more; the next step is to spend an important sum to buy another fast and powerful drill, connected to a vertical column, with many diamond and tungsten carbide tips (of the most subtle types, please), and only then you will be able to achieve some success! Same problems for getting that high honed surface, almost a mirror: try to use on it a porbeagle shark skin, if you're so lucky to find it on sale somewhere, or try with a small pile of normal sand held in the palm of your hand, because these were the poor tools that people, still not able to forge files used daily (files however unsuited to smooth mirror-like a material harder than marble). If you want to play a game to the brink of insanity, challenge directly a huge and shapeless boulder of diorite with all the tools that you can buy at the Mall - but without absolutely contact a specialized industry - therefore see for how many minutes you can avoid to send all to the hell ... and do not forget that, for the Pharisaic official science, the metallurgy during the Chavín age did not go further the copper! Absolutely another matter is sculpting limestone blocks: these, because sedimentary in nature, are much more brittle; this has allowed their use even by populations without metallurgy, thanks to a particular stone readily available on the terrestrial surface, usually oval in shape and hard enough to sculpt and square also tuff blocks, the so-called choppers.

The "three-age scheme" and the partial fake of the meteoric iron

The material forming whatever artifact is closely related to the tools necessary for its processing: now, dear Reader, accompany me in the vivisection of a dogma which dominates us from the good and innocent times at the primary schools. It's a journey devoted to demolish a mummified assertion that continues to exist only because it is convenient, and then is also a pretext for a broader purpose. At the dawn of the Enlightenment, on September 12^th 1734, in front of his fogies colleagues of the Académie des inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, the Jesuit and French archaeologist Nicolas Mahudel exposes, through a long and detailed oral dissertation, his theory on the evolution of the human civilization: is the famous -Scheme of three Ages-, i.e. the stone age, the bronze age and iron age¹⁷. This categorization was rejected for six years by the distinguished body, until it was accepted in 1740; it is simple, without explicitly attacking the biblical account in the –Genesis- book, it offered an interpretive grid alternative to the Catholicism’s teachings. It's a worth noting element: with a century ahead on Charles Darwin, this important but unappreciated scholar identifies an evolutionary flow almost constant in the history of the humanity, starting from a condition almost miserable and arriving, thanks to a gradual and increasingly sophisticated technological manipulation, to the sublime levels of the Greek-Roman antiquity, and so on. This periodization has been accepted by all scholars substantially, especially in the light of the next great consent obtained by the Darwinian evolutionary theory and the advent of Positivism. The problems start, at the end of 1800, with the beginning of the great archaeological expeditions conducted by the most famous German and British orientalists in the Near and Middle East. Oh well, already some jams were caused by Heinrich Schliemann, between 1873 and 1890, especially with the discovery of Troy, but also with the excavations at Tiryns and Mycenae; though not an official researcher, he was a brilliant amateur, but anyway just an outsider. Thanking to the advancement of technology and chemistry at the end of the 19^th century, stratigraphic investigations allow the scholars to understand that Schliemann's findings show a society highly developed prior to the period of the epic Trojan saga (12^th-11^th centuries BC). The studies conducted by Prof. Carl W. Blegen of Yale University, between 1932 and 1938, are the ultimate evidence: the remnants of the primeval core (so-called-Troy 1-18) belong to a period between 3000-2600 BC. These new achievements show an ancient civilization that can almost rival the first Egyptian dynastic period; yet in the coastal region of Anatolia, where is the hill of Hissarlik-Troy¹⁸, according to the previous studies it was considered highly unlikely that such a level could exist at that time. The tree-age system starts to look like a shirt that tightens more and more on a child that, in full development, continues to grow, until that the person, become an adult, continues to bring that skimpy, miserable and swinging garment, in spite of the obvious ridiculousness. But there is no scandal: as long as, in the community of scholars, the proverbial Baby does not scream: “But the King is naked!", the big forgery continues to be taught. Things get more and more complicated for real when the credited intelligentsia arrives in Egypt and in Mesopotamia; so, in short, what happens? It happens that many exhibits of fine workmanship appear to be more ancient than the period within which they should be inserted, following the simple subdivision canonized by academic researchers. In other words, the antiquity of many artifacts push to backdate the use of iron, as obvious product of developed stages, in antecedent eras. At the end of 1800, it was possible to date an artifact not only about its apparent characteristics but also in the frame of the geological context in which it was found: the chemical analysis allowed to identify with good approximation the epoch of the outer layers of the Earth's crust. Consequently, when an iron object - or a product whose manufacture indicated the use of iron tools - was found in a layer more ancient than expected it was necessary to backdate the discovery of iron. The three-age system, although useful conceptually, goes almost into lethal crisis when, at the beginning of the Fifties, it is invented the carbon 14 technique for dating, this isotope is also known as radiocarbon¹⁹. In short, thanks to the decay of this radioactive isotope present in organic material, it is possible to calculate the age of the specimen up to about 60,000 years before the current time (taking as terminus ante quem the 1950); nearer is the period of the artifact in question -the Sumerian period, according to these parameters, is to be considered almost very near- and greater is the dating accuracy. Thus, for example, if the inner layers of an iron blade have organic elements which date back to 2500 BC, consequently, it must be said that that knife was built long before the period considered usual. To avoid that the tripartite system could enter in collapse, the metallurgical period has been consistently adapted and extended almost until prehistoric times, even adjusting it about the geographic realities. In short, the metallurgic composition, updated, reloaded and fixed, still is taught at school; though a keen and independent eye cannot fail to identify temporal contradictions that can defined real enclave, where the same observer can find (actually many) artifacts that are strongly in contradiction with the overall context. The official scientific community uses the discovery of meteoric iron in the intent to finally solve the problem. The finding of objects made of this unique mineral, literally fallen from the sky, is a very good excuse to explain the existence of a cumbersome and “uncomfortable” amount of iron produced during very ancient times, anyway times lacking the most basic tools for mining (attention, this is the version according to the official historiography). This is a real mess-up allowing to explaining how the debut of the iron age²⁰, in form of ornamental objects, was backdated up the 3rd millennium BC in Africa, particularly pre-dynastic Egypt. Therefore, while unable to exploit the deposits they had under their own feet because they didn’t have the means, the Africans were so lucky to rely on the meteoric iron just because it was there, before their eyes and ready to be exploited. However, I know that no tool has been found made of meteoric iron, really capable of any hard utilization, that can be attributed to that remote epoch. In fact, there is another problem: this mineral is composed of a very complex and very resistant alloy, impossible to work profitably without suitable metallurgical tools (particularly blast furnaces and refractory crucibles to very high temperatures required for fusion). In short, people without the apt technology cannot achieve results that require certain interconnected factors. To this end, it is interesting to note how the meteoric iron is always appreciated for forging high-quality blades²¹ (called -combat ready-) very difficult to craft, since in fact it is a real steel waiting to be worked²². The problems are not finished, until the beginning of the 90's of the last century, it was supposed that the steel was an innovation related, chronologically speaking, to the 3^rd century crisis of Imperial Rome and the Mongols’ invasions from East; yet recent discoveries backdater its use up 2000 BC, I am referring to the artifacts from Kaman-Kalhoyuk in the heart of modern Turkey, found and studied by the Japanese researcher Hideo Akanuma²³, between 2006 and 2008; they were manufactured in steel with high carbon content in a context that plays havoc with the previous hypothetical scenario. Anyway the tripartite scheme -then become quadripartite due to the copper entry- is still there to be taught ex cathedra, instead of being thrown in the trash can coram pupulo. But you and I can see that these abnormal contradictions of time and place, these alluring Out Of Place Artifacts, rather than marginal enclave appear as real eczema spreading on the sick tissue elaborated, written and sponsored by the “Mafia of the Knowledge. Very valuable contemporary scholars such as, Kristian Kristiansen²⁴, Graham Connah²⁵, Peter Bogucki²⁶, David Browman²⁷, highlight the oversimplification, gaps and inconsistencies of the entire system, but they avoid to bring to the fore the hints present incidentally in their strict deductions. At this point it is necessary to focus on the article -A Short History or f Metal- written by prof. Alan W. Cramb²⁸, one of the leading experts of metals engineering; in reference to the history of iron he writes:

“Iron was available to the ancients in small amounts from meteors. This native iron is easily distinguishable because it contains 6-8% nickel. There is some indication that man-made iron was available as early as 2500 B.C., however, ironmaking did not become an everyday process until 1200 BC. Hematite, an oxide of iron, was widely used by the ancients for beads and ornaments. It is also readily reduced by carbon. However, if reduced at temperatures below 700-800 C it is not suitable for forging and must be produced at temperatures above 1100 C. Wrought iron was the first form of iron known to man. The product of reaction was a spongy mass of iron intermixed with slag. This was then reheated and hammered to expel the slag and then forged into the desired shape. In the early days iron was 5 times more expensive then gold and its first uses were as ornaments. Iron weapons revolutionized warfare and iron implements did the same for farming. Iron and steel was the building block for civilization. Interestingly, an iron pillar dating to 400 A.D., remains standing today in Delhi, India. Corrosion to the pillar has been minimal a skill lost to current ironworkers. Iron is rarely found in its native state the only known sources being Greenland where the iron occurs as nodules in basalt that erupted through beds of coal and two very rare nickel-iron alloys. Iron's symbol is Fe from the latin .. These seven metals: gold, silver, copper, lead, tin, mercury and iron, and the alloys bronze and electrum were the starting point of metallurgy and even in this simple, historic account we find some of the basic problems of process metallurgy. The problems are:

The ores must be found, separated and sized before use.

The ores must be reacted under a controlled temperature and gas atmosphere.

The liquid metal must be collected and cast into a desired shape.

The metal must be worked to achieve desired final properties and shape.”

And I add also the difficulty to find and to recognize the heat-refractory material suitable to build functioning furnaces: then we come to understand how the native Peruvians²⁹ of that era were literally unable to have adequate tools to work this amazing monolith. I will say more: what I affirm must to be extend to many other artifacts, including (just to name someone, the list is very long) the so-called sarcophagus of Cheops, the Aztecan Piedra del Sol and the Hammurabi stele. In the face of these same inconsistency and illogicality blatant official academic dogma, Joseph Davidovits³⁰ says that the Egyptians had a technology so advanced to pulverize first the huge limestone blocks, weighing from 2 up to 15 tons, and after to reorganize them on the pyramids’ ramparts, but what in reference to the gigantic granite blocks? On this topic it seems that Davidovits does not take position. Now, I find useful to report some excerpts from the fundamental book The Piramydes and Temples of Gyzeh, written by Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie³¹, one of the greatest Egyptologist of all time:

-We now know, however, that jewelled saws and drills were the tools used by Pyramid builders; and the rough stone hammers are of exactly the types belonging to the rude remains of Ptolemaic times.-

[…]

-The amount of pressure, shown by the rapidity with which the drills and saws pierced through the hard stones, is very surprising; probably a load of at least a ton or two was placed on the 4-inch drills cutting in granite.-

[…]

-Yet these grooves cannot be due to the mere scratching produced in withdrawing the drill, as has been suggested, since there would be about 1/10 inch thick of dust between the drill and the core at that part; thus there could be scarcely any pressure applied sideways, and the point of contact of the drill and granite could not travel around the granite however the drill might be turned about. Hence these rapid spiral grooves cannot be ascribed to anything but the descent of the drill into the granite under enormous pressure; unless, indeed, we suppose a separate rymering tool to have been employed alternately with the drill for enlarging the groove, for which there is no adequate evidence.-

Surely those very ancient builders used - jewelled saws and drills- but also many others tools and machineries. Whatever point of arrival is the end of a chain: I mean that the result represented by a drilled granite rock –as described by Sir Petrie- assumes an advanced technology and the co-existence of many and precise factors. To apply properly a pressure of some –probably many- tons on a drill having a diameter of 4” it’s necessary a very complex, powerful and sophisticated equipment, not just the simple brutal force created by a brigade of men. Just the simple addition of diamond splinters on the top of a hardened steel point it’s a very costly and difficult operation even today. Again I want to propose some examples. Even if the sand is very hard and exists from the dawn of the times, it was used -as a tool for smoothing down whatever surfaces - just in the palm of the hand until the 13^th century AD, when, in China, somebody began to use the natural gum to glue sand, crushed shells and seeds on parchment. We can imagine a copious crew of castaways on a desert island with a chainsaw without gasoline, they will never be able to cut a tree trying to rub the simple chain against whatever trunk; instead they will be obliged to assemble stone axes and to act as Neanderthals. From the time of the Phoenician supremacy on the Mediterranean Sea, the man has been able to build the powerful trireme, so lethal to destroy with its rostrum the enemy vessels, but for breaking the polar ice it is necessary a modern and apt steamboat. Beside, it is very interesting how Sir Petrie shows implicitly that the more recent Ptolemaics were a lot less advanced than the ancient pyramids builders; and what is a pity is that no one of the ancient drills ha been ever found. Above all, what is truly a pity is that Petrie did not try to explain better his surprise. This coherent context is reached just in the contemporary technology. Anyway, no one, in the academic establishment, has ever dared to hypothesize of drills with diamond splinters during all the pre-Columbian era in Latin America. Therefore, more for the failings of the others than for my personal excellence, I find myself to be the only one who recognize the Antonio Raimondi stone as an Oopart.

Logical and temporal contradictions

It's interesting (and I find also fun) to underline an element almost dystonic: the traditional archaeology, especially here in Italy, is a humanistic discipline, i.e. based on ancient philology, Romance and Germanic linguistics, history of classical art. Also the numismatics plays a very important role. Recently, are coming, here more slowly than elsewhere, even other disciplines such as geology (in particular the stratigraphy), physical anthropology and cultural anthropology. The gradual coming of chemistry and physics make the contemporary archaeology a highly, interdisciplinary and developed structural complex; but this causes a big problem: historians, philologists and archaeologists are part of a clique tending to perpetuate the status quo; i.e. it is permitted to discover new things but the all-encompassing dogmatic system must be maintained, cannot be revolutionized (at least without Annuit Coeptis). The problems are created by the scientists, those dealing with the so-called natural, physics and mathematics sciences; this category, if not previously silenced or a made more gentle by any center of power, for example, the pharmaceutical companies and/or the military, does not give a shit about the securities waved by academic humanists. So, when they publish articles that contradict the stories compiled by the contemporary Pharisees, they do it without any problems whatsoever. It is very useful to see, for example, the works written by the Italian geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli Sforza³² that anticipate more than 40,000 years the presence of humanity in America, compared with the tale of migration across the Bering Strait during the end of last glaciation. It seems to see the devil making the pots but not the lids (ancient Italian proverb). Scholars of Humanities disciplines baste charming and seemingly solid stories that stand until scientists hurl torpedoes able to sink also battleships ... but don't worry! The dogmatic system of the official truth encompasses and digests everything, just as the stomach of an ostrich; it is simple, those apparently viral elements are not explained and disclosed to the public. Above all, let the regime’s hucksters continue to repeat the falsehoods comforting the hearts and obfuscating the brains. At the end of this chapter it is legitimate to ask the following question: is it possible to compare the incongruity between the poor technology of its historical context and the exceptional, technical and artistic result of the Raimondi stele to the situation of other artifacts? The answer is obviously yes: if you want to immerse yourself in a monumental and rigorous work I recommend definitely to read Forbidden Archeology by Richard Cremo³³, co-written with Richard l. Thompson.

Heretical Cultural Anthropology

Dulcis in fundo, what does the grotesque protagonist in the Raimondi stele represent? He is identified by scholars as El Dios de los dos Báculos, i.e. -God with two sticks- and offers the possibility of an analytical approach both orthodox and unorthodox; let's go with order. The word Totem belongs to the Algonquian-Athabaskan linguistic group (North America) and has a plethora of meanings, but all lead to the transcendence. The Totem are precisely those famous objects that we saw many times during our infancy; we have met them in western movies and in comics books; well, they were, for the most part, faithful reproductions of the originals. They are big wooden poles, on which are carved figures of different animals intermingled to each other -more rarely also anthropomorphic figures- having often, on the top, a hawk or an eagle with wide wings opened. Unfortunately, often they are depicted as instruments of torture, which is not true. In fact they were the intent to unite our world with the supernatural world. In these elements of mediation, were merged into symbiosis the representations of various deities and the structural parts of the social group, beginning with the basic band and ending with the whole nation. Certainly the ambition was skyward but the artifact’s base was placed in the ground firmly, not just for purely utilitarian reasons; many pre-Columbian steles (or stelae, if you prefer to use the Latin plural nominative -from the singular noun stela, first declension- as Wikipedia does) are real stone Totem. We find, therefore, that the same cultural anthropological approach leads us to read the subject at three different levels:

- the Totem as a catalyst between transcendence and immanence;

- the Totem as explicit depiction of divine beings and their association with the humans;

- the Totem as the depiction of native people historical identity.

The aim is the achievement and maintenance of the harmony; the shaman is the medium already predestined at birth and after recognized by the social group. The Raimondi stele is a stone Totem: in it, the unknown artist has - or more properly: unknown artists have - wanted to immortalize the superhuman beings with which the so-called Chavín civilization was in contact, beings who have been transfigured into more suited mystical and tribal perspective. Not only Picasso, Salvador Dalí and Giorgio De Chirico, just to name some great artists, have distorted and re-modelled the contemporary and technological realities that they had under their eyes, for adding other meanings, hidden or even strangers. This strategy was already used during the construction of our –Stone Banqueter-³⁴. Yes, I am saying that there are Aliens depicted on the Raimondi stele. The following fundamental authors in the field of -Alterity-³⁵, Erich von Däniken, Peter Kolosimo, John Mack, Zecharia Sitchin and Corrado Malanga³⁶ - I consider the last one the most eminent - have, albeit through different approaches, repeatedly detected in the long list of the alien Bestiarium some outstanding figures: the Reptilians, the Nordics with lozengelike pupil and the Greys. It is absolutely useless that I describe here these categories; the above-mentioned scholars have already done extensively this work. I can just point out that, through the comparative analysis of ancient religions, I propose my interpretative grid on narrative and artistic allegories, both in the form of oral and written myths, as well pictograph or sculptural representations, which are based on these alien species. Because I have discussed at length on this topic in various articles that can be found at www.Sentistoria.Org³⁷, here I just want to synthesize the following interpretation, the Reptilians are transfigured in the form of Dragons, the Nordics with glowing thatch and lozengelike pupils are assimilated to the Jaguar God; while the so-called Grey, silent and obeying dwarf, appears in the Raimondi stele like a jester, bearing a heavy headdress depicting his masters. On the last one we can focus our attention and identify him as the minion who does most of the dirty work during the abductions. The Grey, chubby and caricatured little guy, in the extensive case studies of kidnappings appears as the classic cheese on macaroni, ineffable and zealous Arlecchino servant of many masters³⁸; in this epiphanic demonstration it is possible to see him associated with two of the most flagrant persecutors of abductees. We have to return again to the stele; the visual transposition is careful, painstaking; the redundancy of details is at Baroque levels and nothing is left at random. The artist, single or collective, has wanted to make a representative project: the evidence is that not the -Jaguar God- is the main subject but the Grey, with three fingers on each hand (with opposable thumb) and two toes on each foot, is the protagonist. This figure is widely quoted³⁹ in the -Branton files- and in various sightings in Latin America, especially during the events of Varginha, Brazil, in January 1992; it is also the identikit of the famous nocturnal wanderer universally known as Chupacabras. If the unknown artist had wanted to portray a deified Jaguar, there would have been plenty of space to carve five toes/claws on each front paw and four toes/claws on each rear paw. For different reasons, both psychological as well as artistic, are relevant the two scepters (Los dos Baculos, in Spanish). These are the almost ubiquitous symbols of duality, of opposition: immanence and transcendence, Yin and Yang, mortal and immortal, terrestrial and extraterrestrial, but the list is infinitely long. If some people truly competent see the depictions, with an appropriate explanation, of some type of circuits, oh well, I have no objections whatsoever. While the hominid named Moon-Watcher⁴⁰ enjoyed to observe an anonymous block (silent only in appearance), a black granite monolith, mirror polished and almost of the same size, we have the possibility to admire a magnificent artwork, jarring and clashing: the representation of a portal -this is the explanation of the frame that runs around the perimeter- on which this syncretistic character appears, in the act of crossing the threshold between two worlds. But if this slab is so uncomfortable why has never been declared a modern fake? Simple: it is under the eyes of everyone, especially the researchers, uninterruptedly since 1860, a year during which the contemporary instrumentation to create it did not yet exist. The same argument is true for many other artifacts; the important thing is just to conceal that, technically speaking, is patently impossible to achieve them, even according to the contradictory theories that the official culture puts around, without being very attentive to the congruity of its own affirmations, counting on the fact that the so-called mass is not aware at all about the deception. When, about thirty-five years ago, I was speaking with my professor of history about similar misgivings related to the sarcophagus of Cheops, I received this response: "... If it exists… one heck of way they have found for carving it! ...and don't bore me anymore! " and that's what I say, along with many other heretical scholars-, but I disagree totally with the illuminist and positivist scheme represented by the sequence of the age, which the official establishment wants to inculcate in our minds, from birth to now; in reality, this linearity is stained by chintzy, logical, temporal and also spatial contradictions. Even if the Darwinian and positivist approach about the evolution of the homo sapiens may appear more valuable than the story of Adam and Eve (which, however, allegorically means much more, but that's another story), I reject the dogmatic context of the historical course that goes from the stone age to the “Ipad age” or, if you prefer, from the squat hominid Moon-Watcher to the sublime Naomi Campbell. I don't claim to know chapter and verse, each stage, each step, but there are evidences that before the so-called prehistory there was a lavish period, also technologically developed and - honoring the good, old Plato -⁴¹ I have no problems to define it as the age of Atlantis, during which somebody had all the technological tools to sculpt the Raimondi stele and build much more. Archaeological evidences supported by stratigraphic analysis, by astronomical correspondences -findings dating from the second half of the last century until now, coming from particularly emblematic and famous sites such as Giza and Tihauanaco- speak to us of pivotal events that occurred nearly 13,000 years ago, i.e. roughly half a precessional cycle, in a period nearby the last ice age. That was the age during which -according to the fundamental Holy Scriptures of mankind (Bible, Veda, Maya and Aztec codes etc.) and to the ancient oral traditions of native peoples (Zuni, Dogon, Tibetans etc.)- supernatural beings coming from the heavens lived on this planet. Those sources always show the humanity subject to the "descended from the Sky"; sometimes a subservience with a certain degree of autonomy but never an emancipation with equal lineage. A series of causes, primarily warlike and cataclysmic⁴², led to the end of that age, but not to the end of the alien grip on humanity. The feeling is that the rulers have retreated into the shadows, hidden behind a curtain, but still acting alongside the man, often at the expense of the most part of the men; so that all of us can continue to believe to be individuals actually with free will. Therefore, if really the Raimondi monolith was built in 900 BC during the Chavín civilization, it means that its makers have enjoyed a technological legacy, a true relic, of Atlantis. But I believe the stele, as well as other high-profile and dystonic achievements, should be backdated directly to that distant time. When the academic regime’s sycophants bump into a whatever quid jarring with the mummified dogma, in the first instance, try to discredit and depict it as the result of some fraud, instead, before the crystalline authenticity (this is the case, for example, about the monolith in argument), they wrap it inside a cocoon of softened statements through the teeth, notwithstanding the obvious contradictions, and then they park the relic into oblivion. In our times, the contemporary sycophants carefully avoid to enhance the research thanks to technological last innovations: much of what was not possible 150 years ago instead today is. The microscopic examination of petrographic thin sections, the diffraction analysis, the analysis of trace elements, the isotopic analysis, the infrared MS, are available even if expensive, just to mention some of the main examples. That's why the greatest artistic exhibit of pre-Columbian Peru is almost forgotten, inside an anonymous room, without being given a thematic area and half-hidden by the soft drinks kiosk, at least that was the situation 13 years ago. The Raimondi stele is a unique and impossible artifact in the particular historical and technological context advocated by official historiography. Is there a ratio behind the reticent and deceptive behavior of this “Mafia of knowledge”? Yes: this clique is simply a tentacle of the totalizing Octopus who runs the living theatre of the Western democracies, a huge role-playing game where even the puppeteers -only few are aware about who is literally over their heads- are simple executors of orders dictated by others; but this is broader topic and already well explored by scholars such as David Icke, Maurizio Blondet and Corrado Malanga.

Picture V- Pre-inca Jaguar God, the eternal enemy (but not the only one) of the serpent god. Pottery dating to 5^th century BC. You can see clearly similarities with the feline stylizations on the stele. I made this photo during the excavations at Huaca Pucllana (also known as Juliana). The Quechua word huaca stands for sacred place, inhibited, but also secure, fortified; the most likely thing that in this case it was a fortress- sanctuary. The etymon Pucclana is unclear.

Appendix Reptiliana

Pictures VI and VII – Roman dupondius ca.140 AD

In my previous work I have written on the worship of the serpent, especially in Hydra Tripudians, feeling an apparent lack in the context of the Roman world. I agree that this one has introjected myths and legends proceeding from the Greek culture, at a time so early in its development that it had not felt the need to create independently, except a very few exceptions⁴³. Therefore, the features with which appears the snake in the Greek mythology -however, without ever reaching the complete dignity of a god– were transmitted to Rome during the early monarchic era. On this basis the official establishment has always avoided the topic, arguing that there are no archeological evidence about the existence of worship related to the -Serpent god- in archaic Rome. Lately, after acquired new elements, I feel to reject this assertion above all thanks to the numismatics. I am referring to a particular coin very popular in the imperial age: the dupondius; the name means -two pounds-, from the Latin duo asses pondo simplified in dupondius, with this coin it was possible to buy two pounds of bread. The material is composed of an alloy of copper and zinc, which, as long as is clean, is vaguely similar to the gold, we could define it the gold of the poor man. The main side of this coin, which dates back to approximately 140 AD, shows the effigy of the Emperor Antoninus Pius, adoptive son and successor of the Emperor Hadrian and in turn uncle and father-in-law of his successor Marcus Aurelius. But the opposite side really takes my attention, since it is an explicit testimony: in this scenario, the goddess Salus (health) provides food to a serpent which rises on an altar⁴⁴. Salus -albeit never reaches the rank of a goddess as Juno, the Jupiter’s wife, or Minerva, the Jupiter’s daughter- is a deity of ancient origin representing both the health of the human being and that of the Res Publica. In a broader sense, she is also a transfiguration of the eternal youth of the gods. Despite the lack of a detailed literature speaking about Salus, her characteristics recall some goddess of other ancient peoples:

- the greek Igea, which literally means –cure-, -good health-, is the Asklēpiós’ daughter and her representations are identical to those of Salus. Asklēpiós himself is depicted with some serpentine attributes;

- the goddess Hebe is the maidservant of the Olympics Greek gods, to whom ensures the eternal youth through the donation of nectar and ambrosia; she marries Heraklès when the great hero is admitted in the Olympus after his death and resurrection;

- the Celtic goddess Sirona is the lady of the healing sources and many sculptural representations depict her with a snake wrapping her lustful body;

- Iðunn offers the magic apples that keep young the northern gods who live in Ásgarðr.

I see in this comparison a primordial common substrate, from which various peoples have developed an independent tradition in the following centuries: a goddess who has the onerous task of ensuring the eternity to the gods. Therefore, the B-side shows an explicit scene, neglected by various scholars: the goddess symbolizing the - Health -, the - Youth- and the -Longevity- actually feeds the snake but in reality she cares about the longevity, if not even eternity, of the -Serpent god- which erects on his altar; a legacy from a remote cult that even in ancient Rome left some sort of scent. The presence of the altar does not leave any doubts, only the gods were worshipped on the sacred stone. Sadly, there are only few traces of this tradition in the Roman literature arrived until us. Rites of fertility are interwoven to the primeval chthonic divinity. I decided to insert my translation of verses I -XIV of the eighth elegy, from the IV book of Elegiae by Sextus Aulus Propertius⁴⁵, because, in addition to being very beautiful and evocative, the reader has the possibility of a faithful reading.

Learn what this night stirred the Esquilinum’s waters,

when dense crowd gathered together in the new gardens.

The ancient Lanuvium is the guardian of an old dragon,

there, where it is not a waste of the time for such a rare pause,

where the sacred path descends to a blind cave,

there enters the virgin (attention all along this path!),

prize for the revived serpent,

when he asks for the annual meal and from the deep earth,

hissing, writhes his coils.

Turning pale the girl sent to such sacred rites,

when with fear the hand offers to the serpent’s mouth.

He grasps the food offered by the virgins:

the same baskets tremble in the hands of the chosen ones.

If the lass are found chastes, can return to the parents’ hug

and the peasants proclaim "the year will be fertile".

In the original Latin that you will find in note appears the term draconis, genitive of draco-nis, imparisyllabic of 3^rd declension. The Latin authors used this name not at random, the purpose was to indicate a snakelike, immense being and worthy of great respect. Claudius Elianus was a rhetorician who wrote only works in attic Greek; in Περὶ ζῴων ἰδιότητος (On the nature of animals)⁴⁶ he leaves us a version very similar the previous myth (differs especially the place: not Lanuvium but Lavinium), but that does not reach anyway the artistic level of Propertius; what it is worth to cite is the opening phrase:

"Peculiar is the dragon’s divination power".

What is confirmed by the last one:

"The dragon, therefore, was able to check properly that [the girls] were under the conditions required by foreshadowing" i.e. virgins.

Relics in the Roman world of the Reptilian alien’s supremacy, transfigured in further times that are moving away from the primordial core of direct testimonies.

Notes

Foreword

I have tried to include as many links possible in order to allow a direct and immediate (as well as free) access to the sources and documents that I have used. Although, in all sincerity, I consider the inclusion of the notes (footers or out of the text I don't care) a long and tedious job, this time I have decided to expose extensively the foundations of my assertions, because I have wanted to attack deeply some dilapidated dogmas of the official academic establishment; therefore, I hope that what follows will be of your liking. The works in a foreign language are listed with the original title only in the case they have not been translated in English; anyway, please, remember my first language is Italian.

¹ The Vatican has had with the non-catholic literature a very bad relationship from the Council of Nicene until 1966. Here some examples, the list is too long to cite them all. In 380, many copies of the poems written by Sappho – the greatest Greek poetess from Lesbo, about 610 - 570 BC – were burnt by order of Gregory the Theologian, archbishop of Constantinople; after his death, he was declared a saint and one of the church fathers. But the Calvary for those books was not yet finished: in 1073, pope Gregory VII ordered to burn the few surviving copies and now we have just an handful of sapphic verses. What was the Sappho’s sin? Oh, she spread the homosexual love among women. Most part (not everybody) of scholars has always given the fault of the destruction of the Great Library of Alexandria to the Muslim conqueror Amr ibn al’Alas. Shortly speaking, this is not true: already Eusèbe Renaudot in his translation and commentary of Historia Patriarcharum Alexandrinorum (Paris, 1713) shows that the Arabic sources -written 500 years after the fall of Alexandria in the Arab hands and attributing the blame to the Muslim conquerors- were both hasty and misinterpreted. The great Edward Gibbon in his History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Strahan & Cadell, London, 1776-1789, accuses bishop Theophilus and his hit men of the tragedy. John Julius Norwich has the same certainty in Byzantium:The Early Centuries, Viking, New York, 1989. Bernard Lewis in The Vanished Library, The New York Review of Books, 37(14), September 27^th 1990, analyses the Arab sources more deeply than Renandout and proves the falseness of the Islamic responsibility. The fanatic mob, unfettered by Theophilus, made a tabula rasa where there was one of the greatest shrines of the worldwide culture. Even if Bibliotheca Alexandrina suffered some heavy strokes in previous centuries, at the time of emperor Theodosius it was still an huge casket of treasures. Try to imagine something very similar, compared to the amount of books produced that time, to the American -Library of Congress- of today. About twenty years after this event, the same mob killed and tore to pieces the sublime scientist, actress and pagan philosopher Hypatia, the instigator was bishop Cyril, the successor of Theophilus. After the bloodbath, the fanatics destroyed all her books and drawings, together with the ones written by her father, the mathematician Theon of Alexandria. The sadic criminal Cyril after his death was coherently proclamed saint and doctor of the church. In 394 AD, Theodosius –probably a lot more bigoted than truly great– forbade also the Ancient Olympic Games at Olympia. This tradition, begun in 776 BC, was banned because the athletes competed completely naked and because of the strict connection with the pagan whorship. During the Greek independence, the city-states interrupted the wars to permit their males to partecipate at this sacred and athletic event. Too bad, the freedom of thought, worship and expression was not allowed anymore. Anyway -and luckily- even in its apparent granitic solidity, the Catholicism has been always undermined by inner divisions; in this work it is enough to cite that many abbots and also simples amanuensis monks had all the serenity to make unorthodox choices, therefore not everything destined to the bonfires was reduced in ashes. The collection of ancient noble families and the first European universities were able to save real treasures too. To focus better the earlier –and also very persistent- Catholic intolerance it is useful to remember also this: in November 1229, the Council of Toulouse forbade laic people to own a part of, or integrally, the Bible (but the aristocracy was nor persecuted). Also the translation from the Vetus Latina and the Vulgata –the two official and canonical Latin versions- was forbidden; the penalty for these sins was death. These prohibitions fell in the middle of the 16^th century, when the Vatican - in front of the deluge of protestant Bibles translated above all in English, German and French - decided to use the same means of the enemy, the Reform, to make proselytism. Anyway, this concession was flanked by another strict prohibition: in 1559, a special branch of the Roman Inquisition, being pope Paul IV, composed the infamous Index Librorum Prohibitorum (List of prohibited books); the rulers of the Catholic states were obliged to enforce it under the Inquisition’s orders. The last and updated edition was released in 1948; this aberration was abolished by pope Paul VI in 1966: in Western Europe, for a long time, there was no more space for sadists disguised as apostles.

http://www.sappho.com/poetry/sappho.html

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/14417/Library-of-Alexandria

http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1990/sep/27/the-vanished-library-2/

http://www.suppressedhistories.net/secrethistory/hypatia.html

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/indexlibrorum.asp

http://www.aloha.net/~mikesch/banned.htm

Del Col, Andrea, L’Inquisizione in Italia, Milano, Mondadori, 2007

Regarding the feeling about the fall of Rome in the modern Anglo-Saxon world –anyway the direct heir of those that destroyed the Western Empire – I like to cite these sublime verses:

“While stands the Coliseum, Rome shall stand

When falls the Coliseum, Rome shall fall;

And when Rome falls—the World.”

Lord Byron, from Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, 1812-1818

http://www.academia.edu/486349/Le_tecniche_del_bello._I_canoni_della_scultura_nella_Grecia_classica_2008_

http://www.loescher.it/librionline/risorse_forzaimmagine/download/w3264_figura_arte.pdf

http://www.madeinsouthitalytoday.com/the-bronzes-of-riace.php

http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/mausoleo_%28Enciclopedia-dell%27-Arte-Antica%29/

http://www.anima-morte-eternita.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=107:mausoleo-di-alicarnasso&catid=39:mausolei&Itemid=86

⁴ The Quechua is the language spoken by the majority of the natives in Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador; in the pre-Columbian age, it was the language of the inhabitants in Valle Sagrado, the Andean region surrounding the imperial city of Cuzco. Based on the ancient and vast oral Quechua tradition, the most famous work written by the mestizo prince Inca Garcilaso de la Vega is fundamental not only for Peru but for the entire Hispanic colonial period: Comentarios reales de los incas or Primera parte de los comentarios reales. The drafting begins in 1586 while the publication takes place in Lisbon in 1609; it is followed by the equally monumental Segunda parte de los Comentarios Reales or Historia General del Peru, published in Cordoba, 1617. This author represents the first example, on the international literary scene, of the union between the Native world and European one: el conquistador Sebastian Garcilaso de la Vega was the father; while his mother, Princess Isabel Chimpu Ocllo, descended directly from the emperor Tupaq Inka Yupanki, tenth monarch of the Inca dynasty. In the first part of the Comentarios there is the explanation about the origin of the imperial city’s name:

-They chose as point or center (of Tahuantinsuyo) the city of Cozco, that in the particular language of the Incas means navel of the earth; since all Peru is long and narrow as a human body and the city is almost in the middle, named the city properly navel –

-Pusieron por punto o centro (del Tahuantinsuyu) la ciudad del Cozco, que en la lengua particular de los lncas quiere dezir ombligo de la tierra; llamáronla con buena semejança ombligo, porque todo el Perú es largo y angosto como un cuerpo humano, y aquella ciudad está casi en medio-.

I want to take this opportunity to mention an author very particular, I consider him the first cultural anthropologist of the Amerindian world: I am speaking of Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca. During the tribulations and successes of his life, he was a direct eyewitness of the sufferings inflicted by conquistadores to the native people in the name of the gold and of the cross, from the forests of Florida up to the Iguazu Falls. The autobiographical work Naufragios (first edition Zamora, 1542), which describes the tormented escape after the complete failure of the expedition commanded by Pánfilo de Narváez, is available in original at the following link:

http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11071?msg=welcome_stranger

With the proper research, it’s possible to find on the Web the remarkable film Cabeza de Vaca, directed in 1991 by the Mexican director Nicolas Echevarria and faithfully inspired by the above-mentioned work.

⁵ http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Raimondi

http://www.raimondi.edu.pe/it

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Raimondi

⁶ Leoncio Prado Gutierrez El Pradito, Huanuco, August 24^th,1853 - Huamachuco, July15^th, 1883 - Seriously wounded during the battle of Huamachuco, he was first taken prisoner and, while lying on a poor bed, was then executed by Chilean invaders. The current military school of Lima is the proud holder of his name.

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leoncio_Prado_Guti%C3%A9rrez

⁷ http://www.arqueologiadelperu.com.ar/chavin2.htm

⁸ In January 1881, the preponderant Chilean army attacks the poorly armed Peruvian soldiers -most of them civilians improvised warriors at the last moment- that still defend Lima; the defenders in vain seek, desperately, to repel the enemies from the last bastions during the battles of San Juan y Chorrillos, January 13^th, and Miraflores, January 15^th. On January 16^th begins the baleful Chilean occupation of the Peruvian capital.

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Pac%C3%ADfico

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific

⁹ http://huacapucllanamiraflores.pe/historia/

¹⁰ Wade, N. & Wenderoth, P, The influence of colour and contour rivalry on the magnitude of the tilt aftereffect. Vision Res 18: 827-36 (1978)

Wade, N.J., Descriptions of visual phenomena from Aristotle to Wheatstone. Perception 25 (10): 1137 – 75 (1996)

Wade, N.J. Early studies of eye dominances Laterality 3 (2) : 97 – 108. (1998)

http://www.stereoscopy.com/faq/history-errors.html

http://www.dundee.ac.uk/psychology/staff/profile/nick-wade

¹¹ -From the same site has been discovered a granite stone with a rectangular shape, of meters 1.88 long, 0.70 wide and 0.15 thick,* with drawings still more complicated than those for the column [...] This stone is of great preciosity, so complicated and beautiful is its design; because of the finesse and surprising symmetry - that is brilliant in a drawing so difficult- the best artist would not be able to make it more perfect. It is in itself a shining monument that should be kept with the greatest care in the National Museum, because it gives an exact idea of the great development reached by the symbolism, the drawing and the art of working the stone among the ancient Indians.- (My translation from the original Spanish report.)

* In reality it is a little larger than this; the correct dimensions are those that I have previously reported.

“Del mismo Castillo se ha desenterrado una piedra de granito de forma rectangular, de 1,88 m de largo, 0,70 de ancho y 0,15 de grosor, * con dibujos todavía más complicados que los de la columna [...] Dicha piedra es de gran estimación, por lo complicado y la hermosura de su diseño, por la finura y sorprendente simetría que se nota en un dibujo tan difícil, que el mejor artista no habría podido hacerlo más perfecto. Ella es de por sí un precioso monumento que debería conservarse con el mayor cuidado en el Museo Nacional, porque da una exacta idea del gran desarrollo que había alcanzado el simbolismo, el dibujo y el arte de trabajar la pietra entre los antiguos indios.”

¹² http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Campbell

http://www.jcf.org/new/index.php?categoryid=83&p9999_action=details&p9999_wid=701

http://www.miotas.org/blog_body.cfm?id=E609A933-B531-10AD-D827DCA504C2F830

http://www.miotas.org/blog_body.cfm?id=A263A16E-F04B-16B7-79F79448E476FB97

¹³ Alfonso Klauer refers that the great native archaeologist Julio C. Tello was sure about the Caribbean origin of the name Chavín, finding in - jaguar- its translation:

Kluer, Alfonso, El mundo pre Inka : Los Abismos del Cóndor, Lima, 2000;

integrally available for free here:

http://www.eumed.net/libros-gratis/2005/ak1/index.htm

http://www.eumed.net/libros-gratis/2005/ak1/01%20Abismos%20I.pdf

http://www.eumed.net/libros-gratis/2005/ak1/02%20Abismos%20II.pdf

Given that in Quechua the word usually used to indicate a rock of considerable size is wanka, I dare to assume that wantar may be a corrupted derivative, arriving then to the legitimate definition but absolutely hypothetical -Jaguar Rock-. However, scholars of the caliber of Klauer, Miloslav Stingl and especially the unrivalled Prof. Julio C. Tello agree on the hypothesis of a strong Mesoamerican influence on the Peruvian pre-Inca tribes. Please, dear Reader, remember that the Incas did not possess a written alphabet, therefore we just use the transposition of original and ancient phonemes directly in Latin characters (graphemes).

¹⁴ http://rip-rapp.com/

http://f3.tiera.ru/2/P_Physics/PGp_Geophysics/Rapp%20G.%20Archaeomineralogy%20%28Springer,%202009%29%28ISBN%203540785930%29%28359s%29_PGp_.pdf

¹⁵ http://www.geologists.org.uk/famous-geologists/friedrich-mohs-1773-1839/

http://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/mw1_ge/kap_8/advanced/t8_4_2.html

http://www.rockbreaker.com/equipment/rockbreakersystemsmain/26-products/booms/702-rockhardness.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardness_comparison

¹⁶ http://bs.taglio-cemento-armato.it/1/storia-taglio-cemento-a-filo-diamantato.html

http://ricerca.gelocal.it/iltirreno/archivio/iltirreno/2006/02/17/LC3PO_LC305.html

¹⁷ The dissertation was then collected in the printing Les Monumens les plus anciens de l'industrie des hommes, des Arts et reconnus dans les pierres de Foudres , published in 1740 by the same Académie. But already Titus Lucretius Carus (Pompeii or perhaps Ercolanum, 94 BC - Rome, October 15^th, 50 BC ), in his De Natura Rerum (On the Nature of Things) had marked the main lines of this thought:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucretius

Currently, after fights, dissents and attempts for "squaring the circle", the latest and updated modifications on the scheme made by contemporary scholars are roughly:

- The Stone Age would end up in Africa (Egypt), in the Middle East Asia and in the Far East Asia proximately in 5,500 BC; in central Asia and in Europe would continue until 4,000 BC; in America would conclude roughly until 1,500 BC.

-The Bronze Age (which in reality is preceded by the copper age, see below in this note) should start in Egypt somewhere around 3,500 BC, in Mesopotamia around 3,300 BC; in China circa in 3,000 BC. In Europe the passage is later.

- The Iron Age should debut in the territory now vaguely corresponding to Ethiopia in 2600 BC. In the following order: Hyksos, Hittites, Assyrians, Canaanites, Achaeans and Etruscans would commence to use it from 1,500 onwards. The Celts and the Germanic tribes would commence to forge it from the 9^th century BC onwards.

It is important to emphasize that, in 1881, the geologist and British archaeologist Sir John Evans in The Ancient Bronze Implements, Weapons and ornaments of Great Britain and Ireland proved that the use of the copper alone preceded the bronze, this helps to adjust a little the gap between the stone age and the bronze age; in this way the system becomes quadripartite. Of course, you should not think about a massive development but instead very localized.

¹⁸ The following article is very interesting about the doubts regarding the identification of Hissarlik with the Homeric Troy:

http://www.varchive.org/nldag/idtroy.htm

In particular the following extract:

“Whichever level scholars may agree to identify as Homer’s Troy, the wider problem of relating the Homeric geography to the site of Hissarlik remains. Some years ago, Rhys Carpenter put the matter very succinctly: “There are obvious indications,” he wrote, “that Hissarlik does not agree with the situation demanded by the Iliad, which speaks of a great walled city with streets, houses and palaces, rising to a temple-crowned acropolis, at an approachable distance from the Hellespont [Straits of Dardanelles] and apparently invisible from it, situated across the Scamander, with abundant springs of deep-soil water gushing close at hand. Actually, Hissarlik is in plain sight of the Hellespont, on the same side of the river, without any running springs, and enclosed within its walls an area of less than five acres.”

¹⁹ http://www.c14dating.com/int.html

²⁰ http://mineralsciences.si.edu/collections/meteorites.htm#3

http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM65/AM65_624.pdf

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/iams/newsletter/accordion/journals/iams_19/iams_19_1995_el_gayer

²¹ http://warehamforgeblog.blogspot.it/2010/06/working-meteor-iron.html

²² http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/singleObject.cfm?ObjectNumber=F1955.27a-b

²³http://www.une.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/22992/GRAVE_and_KEALHOFER202006.pdf

http://www.jiaa-kaman.org/pdfs/aas_17/AAS_17_Akanuma_H_pp_313_320.pdf

http://www.jiaa-kaman.org/pdfs/aas_17/AAS_17_Masubuchi_M_pp_281_294.pdf

http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/dzo/artikel/201/004/4180_201.pdf?t=1336045002

²⁴ Kristiansen, Kristian; Rowlands, Michael, Social Transformations in Archaeology: global and local perspectives, Routledge, London, 1998

²⁵ Connah, Graham, Writing About Archaeology, Cambridge University Press, 2010

²⁶ Bogucki, Peter, Northern and Western Europe : Bronze Age, in Encyclopedia of Archaeology, pp. 1216 – 1226, Academic Press, New York, 2008

²⁷ Browman, David L.; Williams, Steven, New Perspectives on the Origins of Americanist Archaeology, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, 2002

²⁸

http://neon.materials.cmu.edu/cramb/

http://www.iit.edu/engineering/mmae/faculty/cramb_alan.shtml

http://neon.mems.cmu.edu/cramb/Processing/history.html

²⁹

http://todosobrelahistoriadelperu.blogspot.it/2011/06/metalurgia-cultura-chavin.html

³⁰ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Davidovits

³¹http://www.gizapyramids.org/pdf_library/petrie_gizeh.pdf

In this note I want to relate to have found on the Web many references, in Spanish language, about a so-called Informe Baker. Sir Benjamin Baker was a very important British civil engineer during the late Victorian age. Those references assert that Sir Petrie employed Sir Baker as technical consultant, for the purpose to have a very solid scientific base on which to write The Piramydes and Temples of Gyzeh, London, 1883. Baker could have written regarding the ancient builders’ know how: "...si un ingeniero moderno fuera capaz de reproducir la herramienta antigua no solamente se haría millonario, sino que revolucionaría la industria moderna..." original Spanish excerpt;

my translation in English:

“…if a modern engineer could be able to reproduce the ancient equipment would be not just billionaire, he would revolutionize the modern industry…”

Sadly, notwithstanding my efforts, I have not been able to find either the presumed Informe Baker or a Baker Report (Dossier, etc.). Anyway, Petrie does not cite Baker in the book but truly uses a very good scientific language. The source about El Informe Baker appears to be the following Spanish document:

https://www.yumpu.com/es/document/view/14257940/historia-misteriosa-de-egipto-sentimientos-compartidos

³²

http://www.homosapiens.net/la-mostra/curatori/lang/it/

http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Luca_Cavalli-Sforza

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Cavalli-Sforza

³³

http://www.mcremo.com/

³⁴ This evocative definition is not mine but derives from Don Juan or The Feast with the Statue ( (Dom Juan ou le festin de pierre), written by the great Moliere.

³⁵ The noun -ufology- here is out of place: I don’t speak of flying saucers; to -alienology- (which makes me laugh) I prefer - Otherness-, which is a concept that is already part of the classical philosophy, although with other purposes.

³⁶ http://giuseppe-veronica.blogspot.it/2011/12/riabilitazione-di-peter-kolosimo.html

http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kolosimo

http://www.daniken.com/

http://www.corradomalanga.com/coma/

http://it.scribd.com/doc/11572474/Corrado-Malanga-Alien-Cicatrix-http-www-animalibera-net-p-il-mio-libro-html

http://unimap.unipi.it/cercapersone/dettaglio.php?ri=4074

http://johnemackinstitute.org/

www.sitchin.com

³⁷ http://www.sentistoria.it/index.php/it/articoli/cat_view/34-articoli/52-il-pensatore

³⁸ For this definition I was inspired by Harlequin servant of two masters (Arlecchino servo di due padroni) written by the extraordinaire Carlo Goldoni.

³⁹http://www.beyondweird.com/ufos/Branton_The_Dulce_Files_Chapter23_Inside_Intelligence_On_the_Dulce_Base.html

http://www.greatdreams.com/reptilian-humanoids.htm

http://www.thewhyfiles.net/varginha.htm

http://ufologie.patrickgross.org/htm/vargtim.htm

⁴⁰ Moon-Watcher is the protagonist at the beginning of the movie 2001 Space Odyssey, directed by Stanley Kubrick on Arthur Clarke’s subject, as well as in the subsequent novel of the same name written by Clarke alone; both masterpieces were released in 1968.

⁴¹ Plato (Athens 428/27 - 348/47 BC) speaks about this topic in two of his famous dialogs, Timaeus and Critzia. He is the first author to speak in detail of a powerful continent, highly developed and then submerged by a series of different causes.

⁴² There are many important books about this topic, but I really prefer and then suggest:

Hancock, Graham, Fingerprints of the Gods - Evidence of Earth's Lost Civilization (1995)

Wilson, Ian, Before the Flood: The Biblical Flood as a Real Event and How It Changed the Course of Civilization (2001)

Cotterell, Maurice, The Tutankhamun Prophecies : The Sacred Secret of the Maya, Egyptians, and Freemasons (1997)

Bouval, Robert, Gilbert, Adrian G., The Orion Mistery, (1994)

⁴³ I am referring especially to the foundation of Rome, from the birth of Romulus and Remus (generated by the god Mars and the Vestal priestess Rhea Silvia) until the assumption into heaven of Romulus, under the new guise of -god Quirinus-.

⁴⁴ Not to be confused with the capital letter -S- that means Salus, between the altar and the goddess.

⁴⁵ Sextus Aurelius Propertius -Assisi, about 47 BC - Rome, 14 BC - was a Roman poet. This is the original text:

Disce quid Esquilias hac nocte fugarit aquosas,

cum vicina novis turba cucurrit agris.

Lanvvium annosi vetus est tutela draconis,

hic ubi tam rarae non perit hora morae,

qua sacer abripitur caeco descensus hiatu,

qua penetrat virgo (tale iter omne cave!)

ieiuni serpentis honos, cum pabula poscit

annua et ex ima sibila torquet humo.

Talia demissae pallent ad sacra puellae,

cum temere anguino creditur ore manus.

Ille sibi admotas a virgine corripit escas:

virginis in palmis ipsa canistra tremunt.

Si fuerint castae, redeunt in colla parentum,

clamantque agricolae: "Fertilis annus erit."

⁴⁶ Claudius Aelianus (in ancient Greek Κλαύδιος Αιλιανός; ca 165/170-235 AD) – I have been not able to find the Greek version but the Latin translation made by Friedrich Jacobs, Frommann Edition, Jena, 1832.

Est et peculiaris draconum divinatio. Nam et in Lavinio, oppido Latinorum (quod a Lavinia Latini filia nomen accepit, quo tempore Latinus, Aeneae adversus Rutulos auxiliatus, eos devicit, et Aeneas Trojanus Anchisae filius civitate praedicta potius est; quae quidem Romae veluti avia nominari posset, ex hanc enim profectus Ascanius Aeneae et Creusae Trojanae filius Albam condidit, cujus colonia est Roma) ceterum in Lavinio sacer est lucus magnus et opacus, juxtaque ipsum aedes Junonis Argolidis. In luco autem latibulum est amplum ac profundum, draconis cubile. In hunc lucum sanctae virgines statis diebus ingrediuntur, quae mazam gestant manibus, oculos fasciis devinctae; eas recta ad latibulum divinus quidam spiritus deducit, sensimque ac pedetentim progrediuntur sine offensione, ac si detectis oculis viderent. Quod si virgines fuerint, cibos tanquam puros et deo gratae animanti convenientes admittit draco; sin minus non attingit, corruptas esse intelligens et divinans. Formicae vero hanc mazam a vitiata relictam minutatim confractam, quo facilius ferant, e luco exportant, expurgandi gratia loci. Hoc cum fit, ab indigenis animadvertitur, et quae ingressae fuerant indicantur, examinanturque; et cujus pudicitiam esse violatam constiterit, poena legibus constituta plectitur. Draconis igitur non expertes esse vaticinationis hoc modo demonstrarim.

The pictures

I have showed pictures published on websites that allow their use by third parties, with no-profit intentions, just for cultural purposes and as long as their location is properly indicated.

Picture I:

http://www.generaccion.com/magazine/710/evocando-antonio-raimondi

Picture II: http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/chavin/raimondi.gif

Picture III

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Raimondi_Stela_%28Chavin_de_Huantar%29.png

Picture IV: